WHAT ARE BASIC PRINCIPLES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF OLDER ADULTS?
American Psychological Association
Table of Contents
Why Practitioners Need Information
In view of the physical, cognitive, and sensory changes often accompanying
aging, the testing environment should be modified to assure optimal performance.
The psychologist must be flexible in the testing process and in the interpretation
of results. Qualitative indices are, at times, of more importance than quantitative
indices. The following accommodations may be necessary according to the
unique characteristics of the older individual being tested.
- Familiarize the older adult with the purpose and procedures of testing. Older adults, especially those with little formal education, are often less familiar with testing than younger adults and may be more cautious in responding. The psychologist should pay particular attention to achieving fully informed consent from the older adult or significant other.
- Ensure optimal performance. Older adults should be prepared in advance for testing. They should be given prior notice to bring all assistive devices (e.g., hearing aids, eyeglasses).
- If English is not the primary language or is not well understood, the validity of the testing may be in doubt. If the tester is not bilingual, use an interpreter, preferably one whose expertise reflects both the specific language need and psychological training. The psychologist should be aware of how language problems can adversely affect test results.
- Create a well-lighted and quiet environment. Glare should be minimized. Arrange the space to accommodate a wheelchair or other device for those with physical limitations.
- Preferably use tests that have been constructed specifically for older adults. Most commonly used psychological tests have not been developed for use with older people, although some have age-related norms.
- Ensure that the older adult understands the test instructions. Speak in clear, simple language but do not shout. Query and repeat if necessary. If needed, use large print materials.
- Determine if the older adult patient is experiencing pain or discomfort and attempt to reduce it when possible. Find out what medication(s) the patient is taking and assess effect on performance.
- Adjust the testing time to suit the optimal functioning of the older adult. Older adults tire more easily than younger adults. Plan for frequent rest and bathroom breaks. If fatigue sets in, resume testing at another time.
- Use encouragement and verbal reinforcement liberally when testing.
- Utilize multiple testing sessions to gauge how the older adult performs at varied times of the day.
