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Timeline of Challenge and Progress:
The Inclusion of People of Color in Psychology in the United States

1892 The American Psychological Association is founded by 26 [White] men (Street, 1994).

1920 Francis C. Sumner is the first African American awarded the PhD in psychology from a U.S. institution (Clark University); dissertation title: "Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler." (Guthrie, 1994; Street, 1994).

J. Henry Alston is first African American to publish a research article (titled "Psychophysics of the spatial condition of the fusion of warmth and cold in heat") in an exclusively psychological journal, The American Journal of Psychology (T. C. Cadwallader as cited by Benimoff, 1995).

1932 George I. Sanchez, EdD, the "founder of Chicano psychology," challenges biased research literature on the intelligence of Mexican American children in a Journal of Applied Psychology article, "Group differences in Spanish-speaking children: A critical review" (Guthrie, 1976; Padilla, 1980; Street, 1994).

1933 Inez B. Prosser is first African American woman awarded a doctorate (EdD) in psychology from a U.S. institution (University of Cincinnati; dissertation title: "Non-academic development of Negro children in mixed and segregated schools" (Guthrie, 1976; Task Force, 1995).

1937 Alberta Banner Turner is first African American woman awarded a PhD in psychology from a U.S. institution (Ohio State University) (Guthrie, 1976; T. C. Cadwallader as cited by Benimoff, 1995).

1943 Robert Chin is first Chinese American awarded a PhD in psychology from a U.S. institution (Columbia University) (Sue, 1994).

1949 The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is established (Street, 1994).

1950 The National Science Foundation is established (Street, 1994).

1951 Efran Sanchez-Hidalgo is the first Puerto Rican awarded a PhD in psychology (Columbia University); dissertation title: "A study of symbiotic relationships between friends" (Roca de Torres, 1994a).

1953 The first InterAmerican Congress of Psychology is convened in the Dominican Republic, with Andres Aviles (of that country) elected as president (Street, 1994).

1954 The Puerto Rican Psychological Association is established with Efran Sanchez-Hidalgo, PhD, as its first president (Padilla, 1980; Roca de Torres, 1994b).

Efran Sanchez-Hidalgo authors first major psychological text, Psicologa Educativa, published in Puerto Rico (Padilla, 1980)

1955 APA Council of Representatives approves its first model legislation for state licensure of professional psychologists (Street, 1994).

1962 Martha Bernal is first Mexican American woman awarded the PhD in psychology (Indiana University) (Bernal, 1994; Street, 1994).

1892	The American Psychological Association is founded by 26 [White] men (Street, 1994).
1920	Francis C. Sumner is the first African American awarded the PhD in psychology from a U.S. institution (Clark University); dissertation title: "Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler." (Guthrie, 1994; Street, 1994).
	J. Henry Alston is first African American to publish a research article (titled "Psychophysics of the spatial condition of the fusion of warmth and cold in heat") in an exclusively psychological journal, The American Journal of Psychology (T. C. Cadwallader as cited by Benimoff, 1995).
1932	George I. Sanchez, EdD, the "founder of Chicano psychology," challenges biased research literature on the intelligence of Mexican American children in a Journal of Applied Psychology article, "Group differences in Spanish-speaking children: A critical review" (Guthrie, 1976; Padilla, 1980; Street, 1994).
1933	Inez B. Prosser is first African American woman awarded a doctorate (EdD) in psychology from a U.S. institution (University of Cincinnati; dissertation title: "Non-academic development of Negro children in mixed and segregated schools" (Guthrie, 1976; Task Force, 1995).
1937	Alberta Banner Turner is first African American woman awarded a PhD in psychology from a U.S. institution (Ohio State University) (Guthrie, 1976; T. C. Cadwallader as cited by Benimoff, 1995).
1943	Robert Chin is first Chinese American awarded a PhD in psychology from a U.S. institution (Columbia University) (Sue, 1994).
1949	The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is established (Street, 1994).
1950	The National Science Foundation is established (Street, 1994).
1951	Efran Sanchez-Hidalgo is the first Puerto Rican awarded a PhD in psychology (Columbia University); dissertation title: "A study of symbiotic relationships between friends" (Roca de Torres, 1994a).
1953	The first InterAmerican Congress of Psychology is convened in the Dominican Republic, with Andres Aviles (of that country) elected as president (Street, 1994).
1954	The Puerto Rican Psychological Association is established with Efran Sanchez-Hidalgo, PhD, as its first president (Padilla, 1980; Roca de Torres, 1994b).
	Efran Sanchez-Hidalgo authors first major psychological text, Psicologa Educativa, published in Puerto Rico (Padilla, 1980)
1955	APA Council of Representatives approves its first model legislation for state licensure of professional psychologists (Street, 1994).
1962	Martha Bernal is first Mexican American woman awarded the PhD in psychology (Indiana University) (Bernal, 1994; Street, 1994).