Presenter Biographies

Emma Barrett has worked for over a decade with United Kingdom (UK) law enforcement agencies and government departments and is currently employed as a Behavioural Science Advisor with the UK government. In addition to various work-related projects, Emma is also carrying out research on the development of investigator expertise, in conjunction with several UK police forces. The focus of this research, part of a Ph.D. program at the University of Birmingham, UK, is the cognitive mechanisms underlying investigative situation assessment, the process by which investigators make sense of information available during complex criminal investigations. Her other research interests include interview strategies for informants and suspects, interpersonal persuasion and deception, and issues relating to the psychology of terrorism.

Shannon B. Bohrer is the Range Master/Use of Force Administrator for the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commissions, a position he has held since 1999. From 1995 to 1999, he was an instructor at the Firearms Training Unit, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia. Prior to his position at the FBI, he was a Maryland State Trooper for 27 years, retiring from the Training Division.

Annette Bolte is currently Assistant Professor at Braunschweig University of Technology and works on her "habilitation" thesis, which focuses on functional differences between analytic and intuitive forms of human information processing. After her dissertation research, she moved to the Max-Planck-Institute for Psychological Research in Munich, where she worked for two years in postdoctoral research projects on cognitive control processes and implicit learning. She has taught various courses on topics in cognitive and motivational psychology, including perception, learning, problem solving, emotion and motivation, and statistical methods. Her primary research interests are cognitive processes underlying intuitive forms of problem solving and judgment, implicit sequence learning, the modulating influence of emotions and moods on cognitive processes. Dr. Bolte graduated in Psychology and received her Ph.D. degree from the University Osnabrueck in Germany. The topic of her dissertation was the effect of positive and negative mood on intuitive judgments of semantic coherence.

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Susan Brandon is Assistant Director of Social, Behavioral and Educational Sciences in the Science Division of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President. Her primary area of research is in computational models of learning and memory. From January 2003 to January 2004, she was Program Officer for the Affect and Biobehavioral Regulation Program at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Prior to coming to NIMH, Dr. Brandon spent two years as visiting Senior Scientist at the American Psychological Association. She was a member of the faculty of the Behavioral Neurosciences Area in the Department of Psychology at Yale University from 1985 to 2001.

Robert L. Chaney is Director of the Office of Anti-Terrorism for the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia. He began his career as a law enforcement officer in the District of Columbia. In 1988, after 20 years in the Metropolitan Police Department (MPDC), he was appointed by the U.S. Attorney to create and administer the Law Enforcement Coordinator program. He was appointed to the staff of the Deputy Attorney General in 1996. In that capacity, he created the Department of Justice Special Events Office, which handled security measures for international sporting events and other major national events. In 2002, he was appointed to his current position. Mr. Chaney has lectured throughout the United States on various law enforcement issues concerning law enforcement safety, professional standards investigations, interview strategies, and interagency coordination of special events.

Sean Chaney is a member of the Prince George County (MD) Police Department. He is currently assigned to the Homicide Division and works in the FBI/PG County Safe Streets Task Force. His prior assignments within the PG County Police Department include patrol duties and specialized investigation of child abuse cases. He has attended numerous law enforcement schools and taught classes throughout the United States on topics related to patrol operations and investigations. He is a graduate of Salisbury State University.

Brett Chapman is a Social Science Analyst in the Office of Research and Evaluation at the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. As a member of the Crime Control and Prevention Research Division, he is responsible for the assessment, development, and evaluation of a number of policing issues. His current projects include the Community Mapping, Planning and Analysis for Safety Strategies (COMPASS); Law Enforcement and Family Support field tests; and the Minority Trust and Confidence in the Police project. Mr. Chapman's other research interests include death penalty issues, firearms violence, violence prevention, community-oriented policing, and issues involving drugs and crime. Before joining NIJ, Mr. Chapman was an instructor at the University of Maryland at College Park, where he taught courses in criminological theory, advanced theory, and drugs and crime. He was previously employed as a Pretrial Services Officer at the D.C. Pretrial Services Agency in Washington, D.C., where he performed a number of supervisory functions in the Pre-Release, Post-Release, Failure to Appear, and Intensive Supervision units. Mr. Chapman received his M.A. in Criminology and B.A. in Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland at College Park. He is currently completing his doctoral requirements at the same institution.

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Michael Chitwood has been a member of the Philadelphia Police Department for 16 years. Currently, he is Commander of the Detective Bureau's Special Investigation Unit. Lieutenant Chitwood began his career in the patrol, narcotics, and plainclothes anti-crime bureaus. As a detective, he worked in the busiest division in the city, where he investigated every crime with the exception of homicide. He worked in the patrol and detective bureaus as a Sergeant; as a Lieutenant, he has been assigned to the office of crime control strategies, patrol, and detective bureaus. During his career, he has been cited over 50 times by the Department for Valor, Bravery, Heroism and Merit commendations. Lieutenant Chitwood is a graduate of the FBI National Academy Class #204, and is currently pursuing a Bachelor's degree in Management at Eastern University located in St. Davids, Pennsylvania.

Edward F. Davis is currently assigned to the Training Division, Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI, located at the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia. In this capacity, he is the instructor of record for "Violence in America" (a graduate course), "Hate Crime in a Multi-Cultural Society," and "Violent Behavior: A Biopsychosocial Approach" (a graduate course). Prior to his transfer to the Training Division, Mr. Davis served as the national training representative for the Uniform Crime Reporting Section and as Acting Unit Chief for the Criminal Justice Information Service Division. Involved in law enforcement for more than 37 years, Mr. Davis was a member of the Metropolitan Police Department, Washington, D.C, prior to his entrance on duty with the FBI in 1984. Mr. Davis assisted in the development of the program, Use of Deadly Force in Law Enforcement, established to assist Assistant U.S. Attorneys review the use of deadly force incidents by members of law enforcement. He serves as a consultant and trainer in the U.S. Attorney General's firearms interdiction program designed to assist local law enforcement in removing firearms from criminals on the streets.

Mr. Davis consults with law enforcement throughout the United States, Canada, and England on topics of law enforcement safety, management of deadly force, hate-related crimes and hate groups, ands interviewing and interrogation methods. He has authored numerous articles, and in 1997 he received the Jefferson Award for Research from the University of Virginia in recognition of his research in the area of law enforcement safety. This research is documented in the U.S. Department of Justice monographs Killed in the Line of Duty (1992) and In the Line of Fire (1997). Mr. Davis received a Bachelor's degree in the Administration of Justice and an M.S. in Justice from American University, Washington, D.C. He is a graduate of the 123rd Session of the FBI National Academy.

Martha Davis is a Clinical Psychologist and Visiting Scholar at the Psychology Department of John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, in New York City. She has 40 years experience in nonverbal communication research, including psycho-diagnostic aspects of nonverbal behavior and patient-therapist interactions, body language of political leaders, and nonverbal/verbal cues to deception.

Dr. Davis has been a consultant and Senior Research Scientist for the U.S. Government Project on the Potentials of Nonverbal Communication, 1996-1999. Since 1991, she also works as a consultant/analyst of videotaped interviews for homicide investigators in NYPD and for the New York District Attorneys Office (as well as other police departments in U.S. and abroad). From 1998 to the present, she has been Principal Investigator in a study of deception patterns in videotaped criminal confessions, in connection with John Jay College. Martha Davis has written several books and numerous articles on nonverbal communication (as well as preparing two videos), including "Demeanor and Credibility" (an analysis of a 90-minute interview of Saddam Hussein) and "Behavioral Cues to Deception vs. Stress in Criminal Confessions."

Robyn M. Dawes is the author of over 150 articles and six books. House of Cards: Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth, 1994, has an impressive (depressing) praise-to-sales ratio; and his previous book, Rational Choice in an Uncertain World, 1988, received the William James Award, Division of General Psychology of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1990. In 2001, Reid Hastie and Dawes published a revised version of Rational Choice (Sage Publications). Dr. Dawes moved to Oregon in l967, where he became a Professor in l971 and served six years as a department head. He also worked at the Oregon Research Institute, where he was Vice President 1973-1974, fired for insubordination. He moved to Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in the fall of 1985, as Professor of Psychology, the Department of Social and Decision Sciences, and served as that department's head for five years. He is now the Charles J. Queenan, Jr. University Professor. In 1999, he spent seven months as the Olof Palme Professor at the University of Stockholm and Goteborg, where he subsequently (2000) received an honorary degree. In October 2002, he was inducted as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Earlier, he was President of the Oregon Psychological Association (1983-1984), President of the Society for Judgment and Decision Making Research (JDM) (1988-1989), and on the executive boards of various scientific organizations. In addition, he has served on the National Research Council's Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social and Statistical Sciences. He was educated for two years in Clinical Psychology at Michigan, and then he fled that field to enter Mathematical Psychology with an interest in behavioral decisionmaking, social interaction, attitude measurement, and graduate training in Mathematics (receiving the Ph.D. in 1963).

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John W. Downs was the lead investigator in 1992-1993 on a multi-jurisdictional serial rape task force leading to the arrest and conviction of the suspect. He has investigated numerous homicides, rapes, and assaults. "America's Most Wanted" featured one case, the murder of a psychologist and his wife by their son: also the basis of a book, Fallen Son, written about the investigation. Mr. Downs is currently working as a Deputy Attorney General for the Delaware Department of Justice.

Mr. Downs served as a police officer for 21 years, retiring in 2003 at the rank of Senior Sergeant. While with the County Police, he spent ten years in the Detective Division, working in, and then supervising, the Crimes Against Persons Unit. In 1988, he was an assigned investigator on the "Rt. 40 Serial Murder Task Force," which led to the arrest and conviction of Steven Pennell.

He graduated from Bethany College, West Virginia, with a B.A. in History. He earned a Master of Divinity degree from Bethel Theological Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota, in Counseling and Theological Studies. He also worked in a church ministry for five years before joining the New Castle County Police, Delaware. Mr. Downs attended Widener University School of Law at the end of his police career, earning a J.D. with honors, in 2001.

Baruch Fischhoff is Howard Heinz University Professor in the Department of Social and Decision Sciences and the Department of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University. He is Director of the Center for Integrated Study of Human Dimensions of Global Change. Dr. Fischhoff's research includes risk perception and communication, risk management, adolescent decisionmaking, medical informed consent, and environmental protection. A member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, he has served on some two dozen NAS/NRC/IOM committees. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and recipient of its Early Career Awards for Distinguished Scientific Contribution to Psychology and for Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest. Dr. Fischhoff is President-elect of the Society for Risk Analysis and recipient of its Distinguished Achievement Award. He has been President of the Society for Judgment and Decision Making. He is a member of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Science and Technology Advisory Committee and of the Environmental Protection Agency's Scientific Advisory Board. He has co-authored or edited four books, Acceptable Risk (1981), A Two-State Solution in the Middle East: Prospects and Possibilities (1993), Preference Elicitation (1999), and Risk Communication: The Mental Models Approach (2001). Dr. Fischhoff holds a B.S. in Mathematics and Psychology from Wayne State University and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in Psychology from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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Scott Gerwehr is an Associate Policy Analyst at RAND. For the past eight years, he has specialized in the study of deception and influence across many areas of national security. These include computer network operations, low-intensity conflict and terrorism, aerospace operations, espionage, confidence artistry, strategic denial and deception, public and covert diplomacy, and advertising/marketing. He has worked closely with Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) personnel for several years and helped to organize both its 2003 workshop on interpersonal deception detection and its 2004 conference on effective interpersonal deceptive practices. On the topic of deception, he has led projects for CIA, the National Security Agency (NSA), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Joint Task Force-Computer Network Operations (JTF-CNO), U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), and the U.S. Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratories.

Sarah V. Hart was nominated by President Bush to be the Director of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice and the only Federal agency solely dedicated to researching crime control and justice issues. Ms. Hart was confirmed by the U. S. Senate by a vote of 98-0 and sworn in as Director of NIJ on August 7, 2001. From 1995 to August 2001, Ms. Hart served as Chief Counsel for the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. She currently serves on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's Appellate Procedural Rules Committee. Previously, she served for 16 years as a prosecutor in the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office (nine years as lead counsel in litigation involving the Philadelphia prison system). While serving in the Pennsylvania corrections system, Ms. Hart provided substantial assistance to the Judiciary Committees of the U.S. Congress in drafting the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) and the November 1997 amendments to the PLRA. She worked to develop legislation in Pennsylvania relating to prison litigation reform, community empowerment, and crime victims; and she has provided extensive training on the PLRA and other corrections legal issues to professional associations in the corrections field.

Ms. Hart previously served as Vice Chair of the Legal Affairs Committee of the American Correctional Association, Chairman of the Sentencing and Corrections Subcommittee of the Federalist Society, and member of the Board of Directors of the Crime Victims Law Institute. She has published articles concerning federalism, corrections, and criminal law. Ms. Hart is a graduate of Rutgers School of Law where she served as an associate editor of the Law Review. She received her B.S. degree in Criminal Justice from the University of Delaware.

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W. Louis Hennessy is a practicing attorney who regularly handles complex criminal and personal injury matters. In February 2003, Governor Robert Ehrlich appointed Mr. Hennessy to fill a vacancy in the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Charles County. There, Mr. Hennessy serves on the Judiciary Committee and the Drug and Alcohol Abuse Sub-Committee. He has been called upon by the Governor to serve as the front person for a number of criminal justice initiatives addressing witness intimidation and gun violence. Prior to beginning his law practice, Mr. Hennessy was a 25-year member of the D.C. Metropolitan Police Department (MPDC), where he gravitated to investigative positions and rose, attaining the rank of Captain. He served as Commander of the Homicide Investigations Branch from September 1993 through October 1995. During his tenure as Commander, he reorganized the Branch. Emphasis was placed on training, accountability, quality assurance, working with victims' families, and reaching out to the youth in the community. Within 20 months, the murder rate decreased 20 percent and the clearance rate increased 15 percent. In September 1995, at the time a number of city agencies were being placed in receivership due to ineffectiveness, the U.S. Department of Justice (USDOJ) hailed the D.C. Metropolitan Police Department's Homicide Branch as a "Model for the Nation."

Later Mr. Hennessy worked with the USDOJ and the Police Executive Research Forum assisting other police departments to improve their homicide investigative units. He has been a guest lecturer at a number of academic institutions, including the University of Maryland and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Academy in Quantico, Virginia. He is regularly a guest on CNN, Fox News, and other national and local television networks. Mr. Hennessy earned his degrees, while with the Police Department going to school part time. He earned his Bachelor's degree from the University of Maryland in 1995 and his J.D. from the University of Maryland School of Law in 1997.

Ray Hyman is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Oregon. He has written and published extensively on the psychology of deception and critiques of paranormal and other fringe claims. His published research has been in such areas as pattern recognition, perception, problem solving and creativity, and related areas of cognition. His books include Mathematics for Psychologists (with R.Bush and R.P. Abelson, 1955); Water Witching U.S.A. (with E.Z. Vogt, 1959; 1979, and 2000); The Nature of Psychological Inquiry (1964); and The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research (1989). The book he is currently working on is titled How Smart People Go Wrong: Cognition and Human Error.

Dr. Hyman has served on a variety of governmental committees and has done editorial work for most of the major psychological journals as well as for Nature, Science, and other general scientific magazines. From 1985 through 1991, he served on the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance. During that period, he authored and co-authored chapters in the two books published by the NRC CommitteežEnhancing Human Performance and In the Mind's Eye. Dr. Hyman received his Bachelor of Arts degree at Boston University in 1950, his Master of Arts degree in 1952, and his Ph.D. the following year at Johns Hopkins University.

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Clifford T. Keenan joined the Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) in Washington, D.C., in December 1973 and remained with the Department until 1985, finishing his undergraduate work and law school while serving within MPD. Mr. Keenan was offered a position as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in the Office of the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia in May 1985. He has served since then in various litigation sections and has received several special achievement awards.

In 1991, Mr. Keenan became Chief of the Chronic Offender Unit and over the next few years, he molded that Unit into the Violent Crime Section, changing its focus from "chronic" offenders (who posed little danger to the community at large) to violent offenders. He devised the strategy for assigning the Section's prosecutors according to police district, since many of the offenders and offenses related to particular neighborhoods where crimes occurred. In May 1996, Mr. Keenan was chosen to be Chief of the newly established Community Prosecution Section, an outgrowth of his neighborhood strategies. In 2001, U.S. Attorney Roscoe C. Howard chose him to be Chief of the Superior Court Division of the Office, overseeing 170 Assistant U.S. Attorneys. He has prosecuted crimes from shoplifting to murder within the District of Columbia. Mr. Keenan continues to identify training issues for police, provides in-service training for officers, and makes numerous educational appearances at community meetings in the city. Mr. Keenan received his B.A. degree in Government from Georgetown University in 1976 and his J.D. from the Columbus School of Law at Catholic University in 1983.

Kirk A. Kennedy is Chief, National Center for the Study of Counterintelligence and Operational Psychology (NCSCI-PSY), in the Directorate of Behavioral Sciences of the Department of Defense's Counterintelligence Field Activity (CIFA). Following completion of his internship at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, he was first a member of the intelligence community in 1990 as an Air Force psychologist assigned to the National Security Agency's (NSA) Psychological Services Division. After he separated from active duty in 1993, NSA hired him to work in their Employee Assistance Service (EAS). From 1994 to 1998, he served as NSA's Chief/EAS/Germany and European region psychologist. In 1999, he transferred to the CIA to work as a covert operational psychologist. By early 2002, he was named Chief of the CIA's covert operational psychology support branch. In April 2004, Dr. Kennedy transferred back to the Department of Defense to head up the NCSCI-PSY for CIFA.

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Robert Kinscherff is a forensic psychologist and attorney who currently administers a statewide system of court clinics for the Massachusetts Trial Court. Dr. Kinscherff holds teaching faculty positions through Harvard Medical School and the Boston University School of Law, and is Director of the Forensic Specialization Track at the Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology. His professional practice and consultation areas include violence risk assessment and management, juvenile and adult sexual offenders, forensic management of mentally ill persons with histories of physical or sexual violence, and juvenile delinquency.

Wayne R. Koka began his 36-year law enforcement career in August 1968, as a member of the Metropolitan Police Department, Washington, D.C. (MPD). During his 23-year tenure with the MPD, he rose through the ranks in a multitude of assignments, serving in each of the department's four bureaus: Patrol Operations, Administrative Services, Technical Services, and Investigative Services. He has professional experience in nearly all phases of police operations, major cases investigations, and police management activities. He retired from the MPD in February 1992, possessing the rank of captain, assigned as the Commander of the Public Integrity Branch, Internal Affairs Division.

Mr. Koka entered the Federal Bureau of Investigation in March 1992. Initially, he was a Training Instructor in the Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, where he managed the National Hate Crime Data Collection Program and trained numerous law enforcement officers across the United States. In March 1995, he became a Supervisor in the Special Inquiry and General Background Investigations Unit. From March 1997 to the present, he has served as a Major Case Specialist in the Behavioral Analysis Unit III of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime. In his current capacity, he conducts crime analysis, research, and operational investigative activities relative to cases involving child abductions, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicides, and serial murders of children. He also manages the Child Abduction Analysis Team (CAAT) Program and "cold case" investigations involving crimes of violence against children. He has earned a Bachelor of Science degree (cum laude) in Administration of Justice from American University, Washington, D.C.

Joseph LeDoux joined the Center for Neural Science at New York University in 1989, where he is currently the Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Science. His work is focused on the brain mechanisms of memory and emotion. In addition to articles in scholarly journals, he is author of The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life, published in 1996, and most recently, of Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. He received his Ph.D. in Psychobiology from the State University of Stony Brook in 1977. He was also a postdoctoral fellow and Assistant Professor in the Department of Neurology at Cornell University Medical College.

Akiva Liberman is a Social Science Analyst at the National Institute of Justice, Office of Research and Evaluation, where his prime focus concerns juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice. Dr. Liberman has conducted criminal justice research at Columbia University's Center for Violence Research and Prevention and at the New York City Criminal Justice Agency. He has also taught and conducted psychological research on stereotyping and social cognition at New York University and the University of Arizona. He holds a Ph.D. in Social Psychology from New York University.

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Robert J. Louden is a professor in the Department of Public Management at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. His recent teaching assignments (in the class room and online) include graduate courses in the M.S. degree program in Protection Management (Security Systems, Continuity Planning, Emergency Management Technology) and the M.A. degree program in Criminal Justice (Hostage Negotiation, Counter-Terrorism Policy for Law Enforcement). He is also affiliated with the Center on Terrorism and Public Safety at the College. From 1987-2002, he served as Director, Criminal Justice Center, Security Management Institute, at John Jay.

Bob Louden is retired from the New York Police Department (1966-1987), where his final assignment was as Detective Lieutenant in charge of hostage negotiation (1981-1987). He had been a hostage negotiator since 1974 and has been operationally deployed to hundreds of hostage, barricade, and siege incidents. He was also involved in supervisory response to and investigation of kidnapping and extortions. His patrol time, as a cop and sergeant, was in two Manhattan precincts, including a stint as commander of a Neighborhood Police Team. He was also involved in a variety of administrative, training, and investigative assignments during his active 21-year NYPD career. Dr. Louden received more than 25 departmental awards for brave, commendable, meritorious, and excellent police service. He is a member of the Honor Legions of NYPD and the Police Departments of the State of New Jersey. He received his Bachelor's degree in Business from Baruch College, an M.A. degree in Criminal Justice from John Jay College, and M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees from the CUNY Graduate School.

James J. Lucey is Chief of Protection Services for the National Gallery of Art. As Chief, he is responsible for the protection, security, and investigations for the Gallery's collections, facilities, and properties in the Metropolitan Washington area, as well as its several million annual visitors and approximately 1,000 employees. He is also responsible for visitor services and managing the Gallery's safety, occupational health and environmental protection programs, a medical health unit, and worker's compensation programs. Prior to joining the National Gallery, he was the Senior Operations Manager for the Office of Investigations at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission where he oversaw and coordinated all criminal investigations. From 1970 to 1998, Mr. Lucey was with the U.S. Secret Service; after 28 years, he retired as the Special Agent in Charge of the Office of Protective Research. He has provided protection for U.S. Presidents, Vice Presidents, presidential candidates, and visiting Heads of State. In his last assignment, he reviewed and coordinated all intelligence investigations on groups and individuals that posed a threat against any persons and places protected by the Secret Service. Mr. Lucey holds a Bachelor of Science in Business from Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

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Ning-Ning Mahlmann is Chief of the FBI's Language Training and Assessment Unit and is responsible for directing and managing the FBI's foreign language and culture training, Language Specialist's training, language assessment, and language research programs. Currently, she is detailed to the U.S. Department of Defense, serving as a Senior Technical Director on the Government Oversight Board for the University Affiliated Research Center/Center for Advanced Study of Language. Her technical areas of interest include language assessment, language training, translation skills, language analysis, language performance, and cultural knowledge in the national security related context. Dr. Mahlmann's publications include The Grammatical Competence of a "Direct Test and a "Semi-Direct" Test of Chinese Speaking Proficiency (Georgetown University, 1993) and Asian Criminal Enterprise Program Overview (FBI, 1999). She was born in Tien Jin, China, graduated with a B.A. degree from Fu-Ren Catholic University in Taiwan, studied French in Paris, France, and obtained her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Applied Linguistics from Georgetown University.

Robert J. Mericsko is a Senior Scientist assigned to the Intelligence Technology Innovation Center (ITIC), Directorate of Science and Technology, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). ITIC serves the 14 agencies in the intelligence community by initiating the development of enabling technologies and prototyping solutions. Mr. Mericsko is Program Manager for two advanced research and development programs, Deception Detection and Analyst of the Future. Before joining the CIA, he was an Instructor in the Photographic Science Department, College of Graphics Arts and Photography, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, New York; an Imaging Scientist at the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency), and Assistant Deputy for Imaging Systems, National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Mr. Mericsko serves on the Executive Committee of Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition (AIPR) and the Editorial Boards of Geospatial Intelligence Review and the Journal of Intelligence Community Research and Development. He received his B.S. in Photographic Science and Instrumentation from the Rochester Institute of Technology, his M.S. in Applied Statistics from The George Washington University, and his M.S. in Imaging Science from the Rochester Institute of Technology. He has completed the coursework for a Ph.D. in Imaging Science.

Brian M. Moon is a Research Associate II at Klein Associates. He joined Klein Associates in September 2000 and currently leads its Washington, D.C. area office. He is presently leading their efforts exploring cognitive impacts for intelligence analysts using new information technologies and methodologies. Mr. Moon serves as the Program Manager for Klein Associates' efforts under the Army Research Laboratory's Advanced Decision Architectures Collaborative Technology Alliance. He has also led efforts developing decision-making exercises sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and Office of the Secretary of Defense, and supported research efforts sponsored by the Air Force and Army Research Laboratories. Mr. Moon is Co-Chair of the Friends of the Intelligence Community (IC)ža community of practice for cognitive systems engineers supporting the IC. He holds an M.Sc. in Sociology from the London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom, and a B.A. in Psychology from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.

Thomas Morgan is a staff attorney in the office of the Kern County, California, Counsel, where he provides advice and legal services to his assigned departments, which include the Sheriff's Department. In 1984, he was hired by the Kern County Sheriff's Department as a deputy sheriff. While at the Kern County Sheriff's Department, he worked assignments in the jail division, patrol, SWAT and as a field training officer. He decided he might eventually need a second career after he was stabbed by a burglary suspect in 1987, and he returned to school hoping to eventually attend law school. In 1997, while on routine patrol and in his third year of law school, Mr. Morgan was shot in the neck by a 17-year-old gang member. He returned to work in a light duty capacity, finished school, and was admitted to the California Bar in June of 1999. When it was determined that injuries would preclude him from continuing as a deputy sheriff, Mr. Morgan was retired from the Sheriff's Department and accepted his present position. He continues to teach officer survival at the Sheriff's Academy.

Geoffrey K. Mumford is Director of Science Policy in the Public Policy Office of the American Psychological Association (APA). In consultation with the Executive Director of the Science Directorate, he oversees the legislative and regulatory science policy agenda for APA. Dr. Mumford joined the office in 1996 and became Director in 2000. He leads the science policy staff in recommending policy positions, advocating for federal legislation and developing contacts with congressional and relevant federal agency staff in support of scientific psychology and rational public policymaking.

In 1993, Dr. Mumford completed a post-doctoral fellowship in behavioral pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and then joined the faculty as Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in the Division of Behavioral Biology. His research focused on the behavioral pharmacology of substance abuse and the development of medications to treat alcohol dependence. Before joining the APA, Dr. Mumford completed both his undergraduate and graduate training at Emory University. He earned a Bachelor's degree in Physiological Psychology followed by Master's and doctoral degrees in Pharmacology.

Brian Nosek is Assistant Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Virginia. His primary research interests concern implicit social cognitionžthoughts or feelings that exist outside of conscious awareness or conscious control. He is a Principal Investigator of Project

Implicit (http://implicit.harvard.edu). Dr. Nosek received his B.S. in 1995 from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, and his Ph.D in Psychology from Yale University in 2002.

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Drew R. Outten is a 16-year veteran of the New Castle County, Delaware, Police Department. He has served in the Patrol Division as an officer, front line supervisor, and Platoon Commander. Lieutenant Outten also served in the Criminal Investigations Unit as an investigator in the rape, robbery, and homicide squads, and was one of the department's representatives on two multi-jurisdictional serial rape task forces. During his tenure in the Criminal Investigations Unit, he also served as the squad supervisor for investigations involving crimes against children and Criminal Investigations Unit Commander. Lieutenant Outten recently served as Commander of the Internal Affairs Unit. He is a graduate of the 193rd FBI National Academy.

George B. Palermo is the Director of the Center for Forensic Psychiatry and Risk Assessment in Milwaukee. He was the court-appointed psychiatrist in the case of the serial killer, Jeffrey Dahmer. He has been Visiting Professor at the Serbsky Institute in Moscow and at various universities in Italy. In 2002 and 2004, he was a visiting professor at several Chinese colleges including the Chinese People's Public Security University in Beijing and the China Criminal Police College in Shenyang. He is presently Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology and Director of Criminological Psychiatry at the Medical College of Wisconsin, and Professor Adjunct of Criminology and Law Studies at Marquette University in Milwaukee. He also lectures in Psychiatry and Bioethics at Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine, in Chicago. In 2002, he was honored with the Lex et Justitia award from the Department of Criminology and Law Studies, Marquette University.

Dr. Palermo is Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. He belongs to numerous psychiatric and criminological organizations and is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Academy of Law and Mental Health. He has written and published numerous articles and books on forensic psychiatry and criminology, including for example: "Aggression and Violence Today: Theories and Manifestations" and "The Phenomenon of Paranoia," The Faces of Violence (1st and 2nd editions); The Paranoid: In and Out of Prison (with Edward M. Scott, Ph.D.); Letters from Prison: A Cry for Justice (with The Hon. Maxine Aldridge White); Satanism: Psychiatric and Legal Views (with Michele C. Del Re, J.D.); The Problem of the Sexual Offender (with Mary Ann Farkas, Ph.D.); Offender Profiling: An Introduction of the Sociopsychological Analysis of Violent Crime (in press, with Richard N. Kocsis, Ph.D.) and more.

Dr. Palermo graduated from the University of Bologna Medical School, Bologna, Italy, and was trained in general medicine and psychiatry in the United States. In 2004, he received a Master of Science degree in Criminology from the University of Rome, La Sapienza. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology in Psychiatry and a Diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Examiners and of Forensic Medicine.

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John Pearse is a Detective Superintendent (pro active operations) in the Anti-Terrorist Branch at New Scotland Yard. He has been engaged in the investigation of many terrorist related offenses and has provided counterterrorist advice throughout the United Kingdom and around the world on behalf of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He has been responsible for the design and delivery of a number of highly successful multi-agency counterterrorism seminars. Dr. Pearse is a Chartered Psychologist, a member of the British Psychological Society, and an Associate Fellow of the Division of Forensic Psychology. He is an Honorary Lecturer at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, and has been employed as a consultant forensic psychologist by the National Police Training College. His published work is primarily in the field of police interviewing and the legal, psychological, and social issues associated with the detention, treatment, and welfare of persons arrested by the police. Dr. Pearse has developed a unique framework, the Police Interviewing Analysis Framework (PIAF) that succeeded in measuring 'oppressive' police interviewing tactics. His research has influenced many aspects of police interviewing at both a strategic and tactical level, and the applied nature of his work has pioneered additional safeguards for vulnerable suspects.

Anthony J. Pinizzotto is currently assigned to the Training Division's Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) of the FBI, located at the FBI Training Academy in Quantico, Virginia, where he teaches clinical forensic psychology. As Senior Scientist, Dr. Pinizzotto is chief liaison between academic, professional, and criminal justice agencies, and the scientific exploration and investigation within the FBI's Training Division and the BSU. He is Program Manager for the BSU's Forensic Psychology Program, and Chairman of the Forensic Psychology Advisory Board. He consults with law enforcement throughout the United States regarding personality assessment, interviewing and interrogation methods, deviant social groups, and forensic hypnosis. Prior to his transfer to the Training Division, Dr. Pinizzotto was Acting Chief of the Education/Training Services Unit, Program Support Section, of the Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division at FBI Headquarters. CJIS Division is responsible for various law enforcement programs, including NCIC (National Crime Information Center), Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (IAFIS), Interstate Identification Index (III), and Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR).

Dr. Pinizzotto serves on the editorial boards for Criminal Justice and Behavior: An International Journal and for the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. He has lectured throughout the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Italy, and the United Kingdom on the topics of law enforcement safety, criminal investigative psychology, personality assessment, hate-related crimes, and deviant social groups. He is the author of numerous articles and received the Jefferson Award for Research from the University of Virginia for his research in the area of law enforcement officer safety, which includes the publications Killed in the Line of Duty (1992) and In the Line of Fire (1997). Dr. Pinizzotto has been recognized by the courts as an expert witness in cases involving child exploitation and pornography.

Dr. Pinizzotto received a Bachelor's degree in English from De Sales University, an M.A. in Forensic Psychology from John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, and an M.A. in Theology and Pastoral Counseling from the DeSales Graduate School in Washington, D.C. His Ph.D. in Psychology is from Georgetown University. He completed a clinical internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York City in Psychiatric Emergency and Evaluation. Dr. Pinizzotto is a licensed psychologist in the state of Maryland.

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Ronald A. Rensink is currently an Associate Professor in the departments of Psychology and Computer Science at the University of British Columbia (UBC). He is interested both in the operation of the visual system and in the design of advanced visual display systems that can interact optimally with it. A few years after completing the Ph.D., he joined Cambridge Basic Research (CBR), a laboratory that was the joint effort of Nissan, Harvard, and MIT to understand the perceptual and cognitive systems involved in driving. At CBR, Dr. Rensink developed a technique that allowed large visual changes to be made without attention being drawn to them. Under such conditions, an observer could effectively become "blind" to large changes that were made repeatedly and directly in front of them, even when they knew these would be occurring. This phenomenon (change blindness) has subsequently become an important tool in studying the operation of attention itself. It has also led to a several unexpected phenomena, such as "mindsight," where observers can sense but not see a change.

He has been an invited speaker at major conferences on consciousness and on visual perception, such as Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC) 4, 5, and 8, and Tucson 2004 (Towards a Science of Consciousness 2004). He has given tutorials, workshops, and papers on interface design at major conferences, including Computer-Human Interaction (CHI) 2003, Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group in Graphics (SIGGRAPH) 2003, and SIGGRAPH 2004. Among other things, he is helping develop the UBC Cognitive Systems program, a multidisciplinary undergraduate program that combines Computer Science, Linguistics, Philosophy, and Psychology. He got his Ph.D. in Computer Science at the University of British Columbia in 1992 and did post-doctoral work in the Psychology Department of Harvard University.

Kim Rossmo is a Research Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Texas State University and a management consultant with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Formerly, he was Director of Research for the Police Foundation and the Detective Inspector in charge of the Vancouver Police Department's Geographic Profiling Section. Over the course of his 21-year policing career, Dr. Rossmo worked assignments in organized crime intelligence, emergency response, patrol, crime prevention, and community liaison. Recently, he completed a study on stranger rape and geo-demographics in the United Kingdom, trained the first U.S. federal law enforcement agent in geographic profiling, and began research on the geographic patterns associated with illegal land border crossings between the United States and Mexico to assist Border Patrol interdiction efforts. He has researched and published in the areas of policing, offender profiling, and environmental criminology; his book, Geographic Profiling, is in its third printing with CRC Press. Dr. Rossmo is a member of the International Association of Chiefs of Police Advisory Committee for Police Investigative Operations and the South Carolina Research Agency Integrated Solutions Group Advisory Board. He is the former Vice-President of the Canadian Association of Violent Crime Analysts and the Executive Vice-President of the Canadian Police Association. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Simon Fraser University (SFU), a visiting professor at the University of Houston-Downtown, and sits on the editorial board for the international journal Homicide Studies. Dr. Rossmo was made a Fellow of the Western Society of Criminology and received an SFU Outstanding Alumni of the Year award for his work in developing geographic profiling. He holds a Ph.D. in Criminology.

Jeffrey Sherman is Associate Professor of Psychology at Northwestern University. He currently serves as Associate Editor for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, and he is on the editorial boards of five other professional journals. A social psychologist, he is on the Executive Council of the Midwestern Psychological Association and on the Steering Committee for the International Social Cognition Network. Dr. Sherman is the author of over 30 professional publications. His research on the cognitive underpinnings of stereotyping and prejudice has been supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) since 1996. He received his B.A. at the University of California, Berkeley in 1989 and his Ph.D. at University of California, Santa Barbara in 1994.

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Andrew Silke has a background in forensic psychology and has worked both in academia and for government. He currently works within the United Kingdom Home Office, supporting the program on reducing organized crime and combating terrorism. He has published extensively on terrorism and counterterrorism in journals, books, and the popular press. His most recent books are Terrorists, Victims & Society: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and Its Consequences (Wiley, 2003) and Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (Frank Cass, 2004). Dr. Silke is an Honorary Senior Research Associate of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews and is a Fellow of the University of Leicester. His work has taken him to Northern Ireland, the Middle East, and Latin America. He is a member of the International Association for Counterterrorism and Security Professionals, and he serves on the United Nations Roster of Terrorism Experts.

Marco Strano is an Italian State Police Psychologist and criminologist on active service with the Communications Police Service as Director of the UACI (Computer Crime Analysis Unit). Dr. Strano pursues several research activities and develops academic materials for the Catholic University of Rome (Psychiatry and Psychology Institute) as well as other important Italian universities. He belongs to the American Society of Criminology (ASC), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the New York Academy of Sciences (NYAS), and other professional associations.

Dr. Strano has written numerous scientific publications, among others:

• Cyberterrorismo, [Cyberterrorism] edizioni Jackson Libri, Milano, 2002.

• Computer Crime, edizioni Apogeo Milano, 2000.

• Manuale di Criminologia Clinica [Manual of Clinical Criminology], Rossini editore, Cittā di Castello, 2000.

The UACI is composed of technical and investigative personnel who support the Communications Police investigators during high technology, crime investigations. The unit fields new investigative techniques and outlines psychological and behavioral profiles of offenders. UACI's main activities include:

• Design and production of research and studies on computer crimes in collaboration with universities, companies and institutions;

• Experimental investigative techniques for computer crimes;

• Psychological assistance for the investigators that attend to computer crimes (such as pedophilia);

• ICT security and computer crime training course design; and

• Distribution of information and research results.

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Bryan J. Vila directs the Crime Control and Prevention Research Division at the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). Before joining NIJ in July 2002, he was an associate professor at the University of California, Irvine, for seven years and at the University of Wyoming for five years. Prior to becoming an academic, Dr. Vila had 17 years of law enforcement experience, including nine years as a street cop and supervisor with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. He also served for six years as a police chief helping the emerging nations of Micronesia develop innovative law enforcement strategies, and for two years in Washington, D.C. as a federal law enforcement officer working on policy issues.

Dr. Vila's personal research specialties include developing comprehensive, practical long-term crime control strategies that emphasize attacking crime at its roots; applying human factors and fatigue management techniques to increase the efficiency, productivity, safety, and professionalism of police agencies; the historical development of policing and punishment in American society; and developing a holistic theoretical model for understanding crime, criminal behavior, and the responses to them. His numerous publications include three books, Tired Cops: The Importance of Managing Police Fatigue (PERF 2000), The Role of Police in American Society (Greenwood Press 1999); and Capital Punishment in the United States (Greenwood Press 1997). His articles have been published in Police Quarterly, Politics and the Life Sciences, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Criminology, and American Journal of Sociology.

Aldert Vrij is a Social Psychologist. His main research interest is deception, particularly nonverbal aspects of deception (e.g, how liars behave), verbal aspects of deception (e.g., what they say), people's ability to detect deceit, and ways to improve this ability. His research has demonstrated that the natural behaviour of citizens of ethnic origin is quickly misinterpreted as suspicious behaviour by Caucasian police officers. At present, he holds research grants from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), British Academy, and Nuffield Foundation; and (in the past) he has held grants from the ESRC, Nuffield Foundation, Leverhulme Trust, and the Dutch Ministry of Justice. All of these research grants were related to deception.

In 1994, he moved to the University of Portsmouth (United Kingdom) and was promoted to Professor of Applied Social Psychology in 2000. Dr. Vrij has published over 250 articles and book chapters and six books to date, the majority of which are related to deception. His book, Detecting Lies and Deceit, published by Wiley in 2000 (ISBN 0-471-85316-X), provides a comprehensive overview of nonverbal, verbal, and physiological correlates of deception.

Aldert Vrij gives workshops and seminars on lie detection issues to professionals on a regular basis in Europe and other parts of the world. He also gives lie detection training sessions to fellow academics and has acted as an expert witness on lie detection issues in criminal cases in both his native country, the Netherlands, and in the United Kingdom. He is presently Associate Editor of Legal and Criminological Psychology. Dr. Vrij obtained his M.Sc. in 1986 at the Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) and his Ph.D. five years later at the same university.

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Gary L. Wells is Distinguished Professor at Iowa State University and an internationally recognized scholar in scientific psychology; his studies of eyewitness memory are widely known and cited. Dr. Wells has authored approximately 150 articles and chapters and two books. The National Science Foundation funds his research on eyewitness identification, and his findings have been incorporated into standard textbooks in psychology and law. His work highlights discrepancies between how evidence is evaluated intuitively and its actual probative value and articulates methods to enhance the value of evidence. He has served as an expert for the defense, prosecution, and plaintiffs in criminal and civil cases across the U.S. and Canada. In just the last five years, Dr. Wells has given over 100 workshops and presentations to trial judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and police across the U.S. and Canada. He was a central member of the U.S. Department of Justice group that developed the first set of national guidelines for eyewitness evidence. He also co-chaired the panel that wrote the Justice Department's training manual for law enforcement on the collection and preservation of eyewitness identification evidence. In 2001, Dr. Wells worked with the New Jersey Office of the Attorney General to develop improved procedures for lineups conducted by police in New Jersey and is working to help prosecutors and police make improvements to lineup procedures in other states and cities across the country. In 2001, he was awarded the Distinguished Contributions to Psychology and Law Award from the American Psychology-Law Society. He earned a Ph.D. from Ohio State University in 1977.

Paul Whitesell is a 29-year veteran of law enforcement with service in city, county and state police agencies. Throughout his career, he has worked motorcycles, K-9s, confinement, functioned as a police instructor in firearms and defensive tactics, and served many years as a SWAT team leader. He is a U.S. Marine Corps veteran and an Officer of Armor in the U.S. Army.

Dr. Whitesell is a Staff Instructor with Thunder Ranch, serves on the Board of Directors for PPCT, is a Staff Instructor for Heckler & Koch and is the Director of Protective Training Services, Inc. He is an internationally known police and military trainer and has appeared numerous times on Law Enforcement Training Network (LETN) and LENET. He trains U.S. and Foreign Special Forces operators at such places as the JFK Special Warfare Center; the Mares Hill Complex, Ottawa, Canada; and Prince Faud Compound, Jedah, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Whitesell is a Board Certified (Diplomate) Forensic Examiner for the American College of Forensic Examiners. He is a high ranking martial artist, an inductee of the Black Belt Hall of Fame, and a court-certified, use-of-force expert. Dr. Whitesell is also a licensed psychotherapist and marriage and family therapist, who specializes in police psychology and police/family issues.

Javan S. Wilson has served with distinction for approximately four years at the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia in the Law Enforcement Coordination Committee. She graduated from American University in Washington, D.C. in 2002 with a Bachelors of Art in Political Science. She is currently pursuing her Juris Doctor degree from Northeastern University School of Law in Boston, Massachusetts; her graduation is expected in May 2005.

Bernd Wittenbrink is Associate Professor of Behavioral Science at the University of Chicago in the Graduate School of Business and is a member of the Center for Decision Research. His research explores the basic psychological mechanisms by which stereotypes are formed and by which they influence our perceptions of, judgments about, and behavior toward other people. Dr. Wittenbrink's research concerns the role that stereotypes and group attitudes play in social judgment and behavior. His work has been published in many journals, including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, and the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

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