BLUE SHIELD OF VIRGINIA,
BLUE SHIELD OF SUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA
and
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SOCIETY OF VIRGINIA,  INC., Petitioners,

v.

CAROL McCREADY, Respondent.

Read the Full-Text Amicus Brief CASES: Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., 429U.S. 477 (1977) Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co., 405 U.S. 251 (1972) Hogan v. State, 496 S.W.2d 594 (Tex. Crim.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 862 (1973) Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois, 431 U.S. 720 (1977) McCready v. Blue Shield of Va., 649 F.2d 228 (4th,Cir. 1981) Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U.S. 330 (1979) Roberts v. State, 41 Wis.2d 537, 164 N.W.2d 525( 1969) Rollins v. Commonwealth, 207 Va. 575, 151 S.E.2d 622 (1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 1026 (1967) United States v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972) (en banc) United States v. Portis, 542 F.2d 414 (7th Cir.1976) United States v. Riggleman, 411 F.2d 1190 (4thCir. 1969) Virginia Academy of Clinical Psychologists v. Blue Shield of Va., 624 F.2d 476 (4th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 916 (1981) STATUTES AND REGULATIONS: Clayton Act, § 4, 15 U.S.C. § 15 (1976) McCarran-Ferguson Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2 (1976) 75 U.S.C. § 8.101(2) (19'76) 12 5 U.S.C. § 8902(k) (1976) 10 U.S.C. §§ 1071 et seq. (1976) 29 U.S.C. § 723 (a) (1) (1976) 29 U.S.C. §§ 801 et seq. (1976) 38 U.S.C. § 613(b) (1976 42 U.S.C. § 300e-1 (1976 42 U.S.C'. § 5183 (1976) 29 C.F.R. § 94.4(bb) (1978) 32 C.F.R. § 199.12(c) (3) (iii) (a) (1981 42 C.F.R. § 38.2(e) (1980 42 C.F.R. §§ 110.101, 110.104 (1980) Ark. Stat. Ann. § 6.6-3212.6 (1980) Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Ann. § 2903 (Supp. 1981) Del. Code Ann., tit. 16, §§ 902, 903 (1974 & Cumm. Supp.1980) Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 319.111 (1977) Md. Code Ann. art. 31B, § 5 (Cumm. Supp. 1980). Md. Code Ann. art. 43 & § 627 (1980) Md. Code Ann. art. 48A, § 490A (Cumin. Supp. 1981 Miss. Code Ann. § 83-41-2.11 (Cumm. Supp. 1981) N.Y. Ins. Law §§ 164.7-d, 2.21.5(e), 250.1 (Supp. 1981) N.Y. Metal Hygiene Law § 41.11 (1978) Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2947.06 (1975) Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-108 (1980) Tenn. Code Ann. § 63-1117 (1976) Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-3.99 (1977) Va. Code Ann. § 37.1-65.1C2 (Cumin. Supp. 1981) Va. Code § 3841-824 (1978 Va. Code Ann. §§ 38.1-824, 38.1-347.1 (Cumm. Supp. 1979) Va. Code § § 54-273 (10 ) , -274, -309.1, -936 (1978 Replacement Vol.) Va. Code Ann. § 54-936(c) (d) (1978) Regulations of Virginia Board of Psychology § V, POR 5.1 (1979) Rule 501, Fed. R. Evid Rule 702, Fed. R. Evid   LEGISLATIVE HISTORY: S.REP. No. 92-861, 92d Cong., 2d Sess. (1972) S.REP. No. 93-961, 93d Cong., 2d Session. (1974 PUBLICATIONS AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, A PSYCHIATRIC GLOSSARY (1974) AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITATION OF DOCTORAL TRAINING PROGRAMS AND INTERNSHIPS (January 1979) American Psychological Association, Ethical Principles of Psychologists, 36 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 633 (1981) American Psychological Association, Specialty Guidelines for the Delivery of Services by Clinical Psychologists, 3-6 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 640 (1981) American Psychological Association, Standards for Providers of Psychological Services, 32 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 495 (1977) American Psychological Association State Association Bulletin (1982 ) (unpublished monograph in American Psychological Association Professional Affairs Office) Berger and Bernstein, An Analytical Framework for Antitrust Standing, 86 Yale L.J. 809 (1977) Bergin & Lambert, The Evaluation of Therapeutic Outcomes, in. GARFIELD & BERGIN, HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS (2d ed. 1978) Comment, Closing the Door on Consumer Antitrust Standing, 54 N.Y.U. L.Rev. 237 (1979) Cummings & Follette, Brief Psychotherapy and Medical Utilization in DORKEN, THE PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST TODAY: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN LAW, HEALTH, INSURANCE AND HEALTH PRACTICE (1976) Cummings & Van den Bos, The Twenty Year Kaiser Permanente Experience with Psychotherapy National Health Policy and National Health Insurance, 1 HEALTH POLICY QUARTERLY 159 (1981) Emrick, A Review of Psychologically Oriented Treatment of Alcoholism, 36 JOURNAL OF STUDIES ALCOHOL 88 (1975) FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION BUREAU OF COMPETITION, MEDICAL PARTICIPATION IN CONTROL OF BLUE SHIELD AND CERTAIN OTHER OPEN-PANEL MEDICAL PRE-PAYMENT PLANS (19'79) FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, ENFORCEMENT POLICY WITH RESPECT TO PHYSICIAN AGREEMENTS TO CONTROL MEDICAL PREPAYMENT PLANS ( September 25, 1981) Frank, Pricing and Location of Physician Services in Mental Health, 1 HEALTH POLICY QUARTERLY 3 (1982) GARFIELD & BERLIN, HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS (2d ed. 1978) Goldberg, et al., Effect of Short-term Outpatient Psychiatric Therapy Benefit on the Utilization of Medical Services in a Prepaid Group Practice Medical Program, 8 MEDICAL CARE 419 (1970) Guidelines of Psychiatrists in Consultative, Supervisory, or Collaborative Relationships with Non-medical Therapists, 137 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 1489 (1980) Jones & Vischi, Impact of Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Treatment on Medical Care Utilization: A Review of the Research Literature, 17 MEDICAL CARE 1 (Dec. 1979) Kaufman, Psychiatric Findings in Admission to a Medical Service in a General Hospital, 26 JOURNAL OF THE MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL 160 (1959) Kellner, Psychiatric Ill Health Following Physical Illness, 112 BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 71 (1966 ) Kellner, Psychotherapy in Psychosomatic Disorders, 32 ARCH. GEN. PSYCHIATRY 1021 (1975) KENNEDY, IN CRITICAL CONDITION: THE CRISIS IN AMERICA'S HEALTH CARE (1972) LAHMAN, LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS: USA AND CANADA (1978) Nigro, A Psychiatrist's Experiences in General Practice in a Hospital Emergency Room, 214 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1657 (1970) Olbrisch, Psychotherapeutic Intervention in Physical Health: Effectiveness and Economic Efficiency, 32 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 761 (1977) OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, UNITED STATES CONGRESS, BACKGROUND PAPER N0. 3.: THE EFFICACY AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY (1980) Position Statement on Administration of Psychiatric Facilities, 133 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 604 (1976) Position Statement on Hospital Privileges for Psychologists, 128 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 1456 (1971) Position Statement on Psychiatrists' Relationship with Non-Medical Mental Health Professionals, 130 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 386 (1973) PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON MENTAL HEALTH, REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT (1978) Principles of Medical Ethics with Annotations Especially Applicable to Psychiatry, 130 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 1055 (1973) Province of Psychiatry Questioned, Said to Need Defining, Clinical Psychiatry News, November 1977 Psychiatry Faces Survival Battle, Threats to Profession Seen, American Medical News, May 26, 1978 REED, BLUE CROSS AND MEDICAL SERVICES PLANS (1947) Rosen & Wiens, Changes in Medical Problems and Use of Medical Services Following Psychological Intervention, 34 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 240 (1979) Smith & Glass, Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy Outcome Studies, 32 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 752 (1977) SMITH, GLASS & MILLER, THE BENEFITS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY (1980) Sobel, Freud's Fragmented Legacy, New York Times, October 26, 1980 (magazine)28 STONE, COHEN & ADLER, HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY (1979) Tension Rising Between Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical Psychiatry News, November 1977