APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology

Volume 1: Foundations, Planning, Measures, and Psychometrics

Editorial Board

About the Editor-in-Chief

Contributors

Series Preface

Introduction: Objectives of Psychological Research and Their Relations to Research Methods
Harris Cooper

Part I. Philosophical, Ethical, and Societal Underpinnings of Psychological Research

Section 1: Philosophical Issues for Research in Psychology

1. Perspectives on the Epistemological Bases for Qualitative Research
   Carla Willig
2. Theories of Causation in Psychological Science
   William R. Shadish and Kristynn J. Sullivan

Section 2: Ethical and Professional Considerations in Conducting Psychological Research

3. Ethics in Psychological Research: Guidelines and Regulations
   Adam L. Fried
4. Ethics and Regulation of Research With Nonhuman Animals
   Chana K. Akins and Sangeeta Panicker

Section 3: Cultural and Societal Issues in Conducting Psychological Research

5. Cross-Cultural Research Methods
   David Matsumoto and Fons J. R. van de Vijver
6. Research With Underresearched Populations
   Mark W. Roosa, George P. Knight, and Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor

Part II. Planning Research

7. Developing Testable and Important Research Questions
   Frederick T. L. Leong, Neal Schmitt, and Brent J. Lyons
8. Accessing Relevant Literature
   Hannah R. Rothstein
9. Obtaining and Evaluating Research Resources
   Louis A. Penner, Terrance L. Albrecht, and John F. Dovidio
10. Psychological Measurement: Scaling and Analysis
    Heather Hayes and Susan E. Embretson
11. Sample Size Planning
    Ken Kelley and Scott E. Maxwell

Part III. Measurement Methods

Section 1: Behavior Observation

12. Behavioral Observation
    Roger Bakeman and Vicenç Quera

Section 2: Self-Reports

13. Question Order Effects
    Kenneth A. Rasinski, Lisa Lee, and Parvati Krishnamurty
14. Interviews and Interviewing Techniques
    Anna Madill
15. Using Diary Methods in Psychological Research
    Masumi Iida, Patrick E. Shrout, Jean-Philippe Laurenceau, and Niall Bolger
16. Automated Analysis of Essays and Open-Ended Verbal Responses
    Arthur C. Graesser and Danielle S. McNamara

Section 3: Psychological Tests

17. The Current Status of "Projective" "Tests"
    Robert E. McGrath and Elizabeth J. Carroll
18. Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory and Research
    David Watson
19. Norm- and Criterion-Referenced Testing
    Kurt F. Geisinger
20. Brief Instruments and Short Forms
    Gregory T. Smith, Jessica L. Combs, and Carolyn M. Pearson

Section 4: Chronometric and Psychophysical Measures

21. Eye Movements and Cognitive Processes
    Keith Rayner and Reinhold Kliegl
22. Response Time Distributions
    Roger Ratcliff
23. Psychophysics
    Paul T. Sowden

Section 5: Measures in Psychophysiology

24. Peripheral Physiological Measures of Psychological Constructs
    Louis G. Tassinary, Ursula Hess, and Luis M. Carcoba
25. Hormone Assays
    Oliver C. Schultheiss, Anja Schiepe-Tiska, and Maika Rawolle

Section 6: Measures in Neuroscience

26. Electroencephalographic Methods in Psychology
    Eddie Harmon-Jones and David M. Amodio
27. Event-Related Potentials
    Steven J. Luck
28. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Bianca C. Wittmann and Mark D'Esposito
29. Beyond ERP and fMRI: Other Imaging Techniques for Studying Human Brain Function
    Gabriele Gratton and Monica Fabiani
30. Combined Neuroimaging Methods
    Christian C. Ruff
31. Noninvasive Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex in Social Neuroscience
    Dennis J. L. G. Schutter

Part IV. Psychometrics

32. Construct Validity
    Kevin J. Grimm and Keith F. Widaman
33. Reliability
    Patrick E. Shrout and Sean P. Lane
34. Generalizability Theory
    Xiaohong Gao and Deborah J. Harris
35. Item-Level Factor Analysis
    Brian D. Stucky, Nisha C. Gottfredson, and A. T. Panter
36. An Introduction to Item Response Theory Models and Their Application in the Assessment of Noncognitive Traits
    Steven P. Reise and Tyler M. Moore
37. Measuring Test Performance With Signal Detection Theory Techniques
    Teresa A. Treat and Richard J. Viken

Volume 2: Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological

Editorial Board

Part I. Qualitative Research Methods

Section 1: Overview of Qualitative Methods

1. Varieties of Qualitative Research: A Pragmatic Approach to Selecting Methods
   Nancy Pistrang and Chris Barker
2. Metasynthesis of Qualitative Research
   Margarete Sandelowski

Section 2: Thematic Approaches

3. Grounded Theory and Psychological Research
   Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz
4. Thematic Analysis
   Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke
5. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
   Jonathan A. Smith and Pnina Shinebourne

Section 3: Narrative- and Language-Based Approaches

6. Narrative Analysis
   Michael Bamberg
7. Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
   Paul ten Have
8. Discourse Analysis and Discursive Psychology
   Jonathan Potter

Section 4: Multilayered Approaches

9. Case Study Methods
   Robert K. Yin
10. Using Focused Ethnography in Psychological Research
    Laura M. Simonds, Paul M. Camic, and Andrew Causey
11. Critical Participatory Action Research as Public Science
    María Elena Torre, Michelle Fine, Brett G. Stoudt, and Madeline Fox
12. Visual Research in Psychology
    Paula Reavey and Jon Prosser
13. Researching the Temporal
    Karen Henwood and Fiona Shirani

Part II. Sampling Across People and Time

14. Introduction to Survey Sampling
    Roger Tourangeau and Ting Yan
15. Epidemiology
    Rumi Kato Price
16. Issues in Collecting Longitudinal Data
    Emilio Ferrer and Kevin J. Grimm
17. Using the Internet to Collect Data
    Ulf-Dietrich Reips

Part III. Building and Testing Models

18. Statistical Mediation Analysis
    David P. MacKinnon, JeeWon Cheong, and Angela G. Pirlott
19. Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling With Latent Variables
    Rick H. Hoyle
20. Mathematical Psychology
    Trisha Van Zandt and James T. Townsend
21. Computational Modeling
    Adele Diederich and Jerome R. Busemeyer
22. Bootstrapping and Monte Carlo Methods
    William Howard Beasley and Joseph Lee Rodgers
23. Designing Simulation Studies
    Xitao Fan
24. Bayesian Modeling for Psychologists: An Applied Approach
    Fred M. Feinberg and Richard Gonzalez

Part IV. Designs Involving Experimental Manipulations

Section 1: Designs With Different Participant Assignment Mechanisms

25. Types of Designs Using Random Assignment
    Larry Christensen
26. Nonequivalent Comparison Group Designs
    Henry May
27. Regression-Discontinuity Designs
    Charles S. Reichardt and Gary T. Henry

Section 2: Experimental Manipulations in Applied Settings

28. Treatment Validity for Intervention Studies
    Dianne L. Chambless and Steven D. Hollon
29. Translational Research
    Michael T. Bardo and Mary Ann Pentz
30. Program Evaluation: Outcomes and Costs of Putting Psychology to Work
    Brian T. Yates

Part V. Quantitative Research Designs Involving Single Participants or Units

31. Single-Case Experimental Designs
    Shireen L. Rizvi and Suzannah J. Ferraioli
32. Time-Series Designs
    Richard McCleary and David McDowall

Part VI. Designs in Neuropsychology and Biological Psychology

Section 1: Neuropsychology

33. Case Studies in Neuropsychology
    Randi C. Martin and Corinne Allen
34. Group Studies in Experimental Neuropsychology
    Lesley K. Fellows

Section 2: Biological Psychology

35. Genetic Methods in Psychology
    Karestan C. Koenen, Ananda B. Amstadter, and Nicole R. Nugent
36. Genetic Epidemiology
    Lannie Ligthart and Dorret I. Boomsma

Volume 3: Data Analysis and Research Publication

Editorial Board

Part I. Quantitative Data Analysis

Section 1: Preparing Data for Analysis

1. Methods for Detecting Badly Behaved Data: Distributions, Linear Models, and Beyond
   Robert Andersen
2. What to Do About Missing Values
   Alan C. Acock
3. Exploratory Data Analysis
   Paul F. Velleman and David C. Hoaglin

Section 2: Describing Data

4. Graphic Displays of Data
   Leland Wilkinson
5. Estimating and Graphing Interactions
   Leona S. Aiken, Stephen G. West, Maike Luhmann, Amanda Baraldi, and Stefany J. Coxe
6. Effect Size Estimation
   Michael Borenstein
7. Measures of Clinically Significant Change
   Michael J. Lambert and Russell J. Bailey

Section 3: Methods With Single Outcomes

8. Analysis of Variance and the General Linear Model
   James Jaccard and Kim Daniloski
9. Generalized Linear Models
   David Rindskopf
10. Taxometrics: Conceptual and Applied Aspects
    William M. Grove and Scott I. Vrieze
11. Multilevel Modeling for Psychologists
    John B. Nezlek

Section 4: Methods With Outcomes Measured Over Time

12. Longitudinal Data Analysis
    Michael Windle
13. Event History Analysis
    Fetene B. Tekle and Jeroen K. Vermunt
14. Latent State–Trait Models
    Rolf Steyer, Christian Geiser, and Christiane Fiege
15. Latent Variable Modeling of Continuous Growth
    David A. Cole and Jeffrey A. Ciesla
16. Dynamical Systems and Differential Equation Models of Change
    Steven M. Boker
17. A Multivariate Growth Curve Model for Three-Level Data
    Patrick J. Curran, James S. McGinley, Daniel Serrano, and Chelsea Burfeind

Section 5: Multivariate Methods

18. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
    Keith F. Widaman
19. Latent Class and Latent Profile Models
    Brian P. Flaherty and Cara J. Kiff
20. Exploratory Data Mining Using CART in the Behavioral Sciences
    John J. McArdle

Section 6: Dyadic and Social Network Data

21. Using the Social Relations Model to Understand Interpersonal Perception and Behavior
    P. Niels Christensen and Deborah A. Kashy
22. Dyadic Data Analysis
    Richard Gonzalez and Dale Griffin
23. Social Network Research: The Foundation of Network Science
    Stanley Wasserman and Garry Robins

Section 7: Using Data Collected by Others

24. Secondary Analysis and Archival Research: Using Data Collected by Others
    David W. Stewart
25. Meta-Analysis
    Jeffrey C. Valentine

Part II. Publishing and the Publication Process

26. Preparing a Manuscript for Publication
    Karin Sternberg and Robert J. Sternberg
27. How to Publish Your Manuscript
    Gary R. VandenBos

Index

Harris Cooper, PhD, received his doctoral degree in social psychology from the University of Connecticut in 1976. From 1977 to 2003, he served on the faculty at the University of Missouri and currently serves as professor and chair in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.

Dr. Cooper's research interests follow two paths: The first concerns research synthesis and research methodology. His book, Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis: A Step-by-Step Approach (2010) is in its fourth edition. He is the coeditor of the Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis (2nd ed., 2009).

In 2007, Dr. Cooper was the recipient of the Frederick Mosteller Award for Contributions to Research Synthesis Methodology given by the Campbell Collaboration. In 2008 he received the Ingram Olkin Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to Research Synthesis from the Society for Research Synthesis Methodology.

In 2007–2008, Dr. Cooper chaired APA's committee that developed guidelines for information about research that should be included in manuscripts submitted to APA journals. He recently authored the book Reporting Research in Psychology: How to Meet Journal Article Reporting Standards (2011) published by APA. He is cocreator of the Study Design and Implementation Assessment Device, an instrument for assessing the correspondence between the design and conduct of social science research and its ability to draw inferences about causal relationships. In 2007, Dr. Cooper was appointed to membership on the National Academy of Sciences' Standing Committee on Social Science Evidence for Use: Improving the Quality and Utility of Social Science Research.

Dr. Cooper is also interested in the application of social and developmental psychology to education policy issues. In particular, he studies the relationship between time and learning. Whereas most people think of issues relating time to learning in terms of how time is spent in school (class time, instructional time, time-on task), Dr. Cooper's work zooms out from school time. He focuses on issues related to the school day and school calendar (extended school days and years, summer school, year-round calendars, summer learning loss) and academic-related contexts children find themselves in outside the school day (doing homework, afterschool programs, tutoring).

Dr. Cooper served as editor for the Psychological Bulletin from 2003 through mid-2009. He was chair of the APA Council of Editors in 2006 and was a member of the APA committee that revised the APA Publication Manual.¹ Since 2009, he has served as the chief editorial advisor for APA's journal publishing program. In this role he assists the editors of APA's more than 30 journals and mediates disputes between editors and authors and between authors and authors.

¹American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.