Journal of Applied Psychology^®

Editor

Steve W. J. Kozlowski
Michigan State University

Associate Editors

Tammy D. Allen
University of South Florida

Paul Bliese
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

Gilad Chen
University of Maryland

David V. Day
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

Richard P. DeShon
Michigan State University

Sharon Parker
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

Robert E. Ployhart
University of South Carolina

Quinetta Roberson
Villanova University

Eduardo Salas
University of Central Florida

Deidra J. Schleicher
Texas A&M University

Mo Wang
University of Florida

Jing Zhou
Rice University

Contributing Editors

Herman Aguinis
Indiana University

Ramon J. Aldag
University of Wisconsin—Madison

David G. Allen
University of Memphis

Natalie J. Allen
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Maureen L. Ambrose
University of Central Florida

Neil Anderson
Brunel University West London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom

Winfred Arthur, Jr.
Texas A&M University

Samuel Aryee
King's College, London, United Kingdom

Neal M. Ashkanasy
University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Bruce Avolio
University of Washington

Daniel Bachrach
University of Alabama

Boris Baltes
Wayne State University

Janet Barnes-Farrell
University of Connecticut

Murray Barrick
Texas A&M University

Kathryn M. Bartol
University of Maryland

Talya Bauer
Portland State University

Daniel J. Beal
Rice University

Suzanne T. Bell
DePaul University

Nathan Bennett
Georgia State University

Jennifer L. Berdahl
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mindy Bergman
Texas A&M University

Christopher M. Berry
Texas A&M University

Mark N. Bing
University of Mississippi

Mark Bolino
University of Oklahoma

Wendy R. Boswell
Texas A&M University

John W. Boudreau
University of Southern California

Daniel J. Brass
University of Kentucky

Jim Breaugh
University of Missouri, St. Louis

Jeanne M. Brett
Northwestern University

Douglas Brown
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Chu-Hsiang (Daisy) Chang
Michigan State University

Georgia T. Chao
Michigan State University

Prithviraj Chattopadhyay
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Jeanette N. Cleveland
Colorado State University

Adrienne Colella
Tulane University

Donald E. Conlon
Michigan State University

Nancy J. Cooke
Arizona State University Polytechnic

Russell Cropanzano
University of Arizona

Eric A. Day
University of Oklahoma

Leslie A. DeChurch
Georgia Institute of Technology

Angelo DeNisi
Tulane University

D. Scott DeRue
University of Michigan

James Diefendorff
University of Akron

Erich C. Dierdorff
DePaul University

Brian R. Dineen
University of Kentucky

Fritz Drasgow
University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign

James E. Driskell
Florida Maxima Corporation

Michelle K. Duffy
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Lillian T. Eby
University of Georgia

Bryan D. Edwards
Oklahoma State University

Jeffrey R. Edwards
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Mark G. Ehrhart
San Diego State University

Hillary Anger Elfenbein
Washington University in St. Louis

Jill Ellingson
Ohio State University

Aleksander P.J. Ellis
University of Arizona

Berrin Erdogan
Portland State University

Amir Erez
University of Florida

Daniel C. Feldman
University of Georgia

Donald Lee Ferrin
Singapore Management University, Singapore

Stephen M. Fiore
University of Central Florida

Cynthia D. Fisher
Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

J. Kevin Ford
Michigan State University

Michael Frese
National University of Singapore, Singapore

Ingrid Fulmer
Rutgers University

Daniel C. Ganster
Colorado State University

Michelle Gelfand
University of Maryland

Ian R. Gellatly
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Jennifer M. George
Rice University

Barry Gerhart
University of Wisconsin—Madison

Stephen Gilliland
University of Arizona

Theresa M. Glomb
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Barry Goldman
University of Arizona

Yaping Gong
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Vicente Gonzalez-Roma
University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

Alicia Grandey
Pennsylvania State University

Gary J. Greguras
Singapore Management University, Singapore

Mark Griffin
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

Nina Gupta
University of Arkansas

Jonathon R. B. Halbesleben
University of Alabama

Paul Hanges
University of Maryland

David A. Harrison
University of Texas, Austin

Kate Hattrup
San Diego State University

John P. Hausknecht
Cornell University

Eric D. Heggestad
University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Madeline Heilman
New York University

M. Sandy Hershcovis
University of Manitoba, Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada

Scott Highhouse
Bowling Green State University

Nathan J. Hiller
Florida International University

John Hollenbeck
Michigan State University

Peter Hom
Arizona State University

Michael Horvath
Cleveland State University

Leaetta M. Hough
Dunnette Group, Ltd., St. Paul, MN

Stephen E. Humphrey
Pennsylvania State University

Remus Ilies
National University of Singapore, Singapore

Gary Johns
Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Michael D. Johnson
University of Washington

Russell E. Johnson
Michigan State University

Timothy A. Judge
University of Notre Dame

K. Michele Kacmar
University of Alabama

John D. Kammeyer-Mueller
University of Florida

Seth Kaplan
George Mason University

Jerard F. Kehoe
Selection and Assessment Consulting, Olympia, WA

Nina Keith
Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

E. Kevin Kelloway
Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Eden B. King
George Mason University

Bradley L. Kirkman
North Carolina State University

Ute-Christine Klehe
Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany

Howard J. Klein
Ohio State University

Katherine Klein
University of Pennsylvania

Kurt Kraiger
Colorado State University

Maria Kraimer
University of Iowa

David A. Kravitz
George Mason University

Amy Kristof-Brown
University of Iowa

Carol T. Kulik
University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Ronald S. Landis
Illinois Institute of Technology

Dora C. Lau
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong

James M. LeBreton
Purdue University

Cynthia Lee
Northeastern University

Tom Lee
University of Washington

Jeff LePine
Arizona State University

Edward L. Levine
University of South Florida

Robert C. Liden
University of Illinois, Chicago

Filip Lievens
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Edwin Locke
University of Maryland

Karen S. Lyness
Baruch College, City University of New York

Debra A. Major
Old Dominion University

Michelle Marks
George Mason University

Richard F. Martell
Montana State University

John Mathieu
University of Connecticut

David M. Mayer
University of Michigan

Daniel J. McAllister
National University of Singapore, Singapore

Lynn McFarland
Clemson University

Patrick F. McKay
Rutgers University

Bruce M. Meglino
University of South Carolina

Marie S. Mitchell
University of Georgia

Scott B. Morris
Illinois Institute of Technology

Elizabeth W. Morrison
New York University

Kevin Mossholder
Auburn University

Jennifer Mueller
University of San Diego

Kevin R. Murphy
Lamorinda Consulting LLC

Andrew Neal
University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia

Daniel A. Newman
University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign

Lisa H. Nishii
Cornell University

Raymond A. Noe
Ohio State University

Greg R. Oldham
Tulane University

Anne O'Leary-Kelly
University of Arkansas

Deniz S. Ones
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Dennis Organ
Indiana University

Cheri Ostroff
University of Maryland

Fred Oswald
Rice University

Matthew J. Pearsall
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Randall S. Peterson
London Business School, London, United Kingdom

Nathan P. Podsakoff
University of Arizona

Philip M. Podsakoff
Indiana University

Christopher Porter
Indiana University

Belle Rose Ragins
University ofWisconsin—Milwaukee

Steven Rogelberg
University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Deborah Rupp
Purdue University

Ann Marie Ryan
Michigan State University

Paul R. Sackett
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

John Schaubroeck
Michigan State University

Charles A. Scherbaum
Baruch College, City University of New York

Aaron M. Schmidt
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Neal Schmitt
Michigan State University

Benjamin Schneider
CEB Valtera, Rolling Meadows, IL

Lisa Schurer Lambert
Georgia State University

Brent A. Scott
Michigan State University

Margaret A. Shaffer
University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee

Shung Jae Shin
Portland State University

Abbie J. Shipp
Texas Christian University

Lynn M. Shore
San Diego State University

Hock-Peng Sin
Florida International University

Jerel Slaughter
University of Arizona

Kimberly A. Smith-Jentsch
University of Central Florida

James W. Smither
La Salle University

Sabine Sonnentag
University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

Paul Spector
University of South Florida

Alex D. Stajkovic
University of Wisconsin—Madison

Stephen Stark
University of South Florida

Greg Stewart
University of Iowa

Linda K. Stroh
Loyola University Chicago

Michael C. Sturman
Cornell University

Lorne Sulsky
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada

Riki Takeuchi
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Subrahmaniam Tangirala
University of Maryland

Ann E. Tenbrunsel
University of Notre Dame

Lois Tetrick
George Mason University

Nancy T. Tippins
Valtera Corporation, Greenville, SC

Donald Truxillo
Portland State University

Daniel Turban
University of Missouri

Nick Turner
University of Manitoba, Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada

Jeff Vancouver
Ohio University

Don Vandewalle
Southern Methodist University

Linn Van Dyne
Michigan State University

Chad H. Van Iddekinge
Florida State University

Daan van Knippenberg
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Vijaya Venkataramani
University of Maryland

Chockalingam Viswesvaran
Florida International University

David Waldman
Arizona State University

Fred O. Walumbwa
Arizona State University

Connie Wanberg
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Sandy J. Wayne
University of Illinois, Chicago

Michael Wesson
Texas A&M University

Steffanie Wilk
Ohio State University

Gillian Yeo
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

Gary Yukl
State University of New York, Albany

Zhen Zhang
Arizona State University

Jonathan C. Ziegert
Drexel University

Ryan D. Zimmerman
Texas A&M University

Principal Reviewers

Markus Baer
Washington University in St. Louis

John F. Binning
Illinois State University

Nathan A. Bowling
Wright State University

Jaepil Choi
Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea

Patrick Converse
Florida Institute of Technology

Lisa Dragoni
Cornell University

D. Lance Ferris
Pennsylvania State University

Markus Groth
University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Peter A. Heslin
University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Christine Jackson
Purdue University

Jonas W.B. Lang
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Songqi Liu
Pennsylvania State University

Suzanne S Masterson
University of Cincinnati

Anthony J. Nyberg
University of South Carolina

Jill E. Perry-Smith
Emory University

Jana Raver
Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Christian J. Resick
Drexel University

Scott E. Seibert
University of Iowa

Pri Pradhan Shah
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Hwee Hoon Tan
Singapore Management University, Singapore

Stefan Thau
London Business School, London, United Kingdom

Soo Min Toh
University of Toronto, Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

Ingo Weller
Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Yujie Zhan
Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Xiaomeng Zhang
American University

Editorial Assistant

Jennifer Wood

Abstracting and indexing services providing coverage of Journal of Applied Psychology^®

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Prior to submission, please carefully read and follow the submission guidelines detailed below. Manuscripts that do not conform to the submission guidelines may be returned without review.

Submission

Starting in 2012, the completion of a Submission Checklist (PDF, 70KB) that signifies that authors have read this material and agree to adhere to the guidelines is now required. For new submissions, please be sure to include the submission checklist on the first page of your manuscript (and data transparency table at the end if required). Revisions do not need the checklist or table.

All efforts should be undertaken to submit manuscripts electronically to the editor. Files can be sent in Microsoft Word, in WordPerfect, or as a PDF file. The version sent should be consistent with the complete APA-style printed version.

Authors without Internet access should submit a disk copy of the manuscript to

Steve W. J. Kozlowski, PhD
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University
Psychology Building, Room 309
316 Physics Road
East Lansing, MI 48824-1116

General correspondence may be directed to the Editor's Office.

In addition to addresses and phone numbers, please supply email addresses and fax numbers, if available, for potential use by the editorial office and later by the production office.

Keep a copy of the manuscript to guard against loss.

Manuscripts submitted for publication consideration in the Journal of Applied Psychology are evaluated according to the following criteria:

• degree to which the manuscript fits the mission of the journal;
• significance of the theoretical and/or methodological contributions;
• quality of the literature review;
• articulation and explication of the conceptual rationale, constructs, and psychological processes;
• rigor of the design and execution of the study;
• appropriateness of the analysis and interpretation of the results;
• discussion of implications for theory, research, and application; and
• clarity of presentation.

Manuscripts should be logically organized and clearly written in concise and unambiguous language. The goal of APA primary journals is to publish useful information that is accurate and clear.

Two primary types of articles will be published:

• Feature Articles, which are full-length articles that focus on a theoretically driven empirical contribution (all research strategies and methods, quantitative and qualitative, are considered) or on a theoretical contribution that can shape future research in applied psychology, and
• Research Reports, which are original in their empirical or theoretical contribution but smaller or narrower in scope than a Feature Article. Research Reports can also be useful replications.

The journal also has a history of publishing theoretical monographs on occasion. Monographs are substantial and significant conceptual contributions (as determined by the Editorial team). As such, monographs are relatively rare.

Authors should refer to recent issues of the journal for approximate length of Feature Articles and Research Reports. (Total manuscript pages divided by three provides an estimate of total printed pages.)

Research Reports are limited to no more than 17 manuscript pages of text proper; these limits do not include the title page, abstract, references, tables, or figures. Different printers, fonts, spacing, margins, and so forth can substantially alter the amount of text that can be fit on a page. In determining the length limits of Research Reports, authors should count 25 lines of 12-point text with 1-inch margins as the equivalent of one page.

Authors should indicate whether their manuscript is to be considered as a Feature Article or a Research Report at the time of submission; the Action Editor may suggest that a Feature Article submission be pared down to Research Report length.

For the reader to understand the importance of the research findings, authors should indicate in the Results section of the manuscript the complete outcome of statistical tests, including significance levels, some index of effect size or strength of relationship, and confidence intervals.

Masked Review Policy

The journal will accept submissions in masked review format only.

Author names and affiliations should appear in the cover letter but not anywhere on the manuscript. Authors should make every reasonable effort to see that the manuscript itself contains no clues to their identities. Manuscripts not in masked format will be returned to authors for revision prior to being reviewed.

Please ensure that the final version for production includes a byline and full author note for typesetting.

Data Transparency Policy

APA requires that all data in their published articles be an original use. Along with determining the appropriateness of any submission, the editor and reviewers also have a role in determining what constitutes "original use." Any previous, concurrent, or potential future use must be brought to their attention.

In order to preserve masked review, authors should include a data transparency table in the manuscript which details how and where the data collected was/will be used. Authors may also put in any other clarifying information they wish, as long as it can be done fairly anonymously. Any identifying information, such as authors' names or titles of journal articles, that the authors wish to share should be made in the cover letter where only the editorial staff will see it.

For more information on APA's data policies, please see Section 1.09, "Duplicate and Piecemeal Publication of Data," APA Publications Manual 6th Edition, p. 13–15.

Data Transparency Appendix Example

Manuscript Preparation

Prepare manuscripts according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6^th edition). Manuscripts may be copyedited for bias-free language (see Chapter 3 of the Publication Manual).

Review APA's Checklist for Manuscript Submission before submitting your article.

Double-space all copy. Other formatting instructions, as well as instructions on preparing tables, figures, references, metrics, and abstracts, appear in the Manual.

Below are additional instructions regarding the preparation of display equations and tables.

Display Equations

We strongly encourage you to use MathType (third-party software) or Equation Editor 3.0 (built into pre-2007 versions of Word) to construct your equations, rather than the equation support that is built into Word 2007 and Word 2010. Equations composed with the built-in Word 2007/Word 2010 equation support are converted to low resolution graphics when they enter the production process and must be rekeyed by the typesetter, which may introduce errors.

To construct your equations with MathType or Equation Editor 3.0:

• Go to the Text section of the Insert tab and select Object.
• Select MathType or Equation Editor 3.0 in the drop-down menu.

If you have an equation that has already been produced using Microsoft Word 2007 or 2010 and you have access to the full version of MathType 6.5 or later, you can convert this equation to MathType by clicking on MathType Insert Equation. Copy the equation from Microsoft Word and paste it into the MathType box. Verify that your equation is correct, click File, and then click Update. Your equation has now been inserted into your Word file as a MathType Equation.

Use Equation Editor 3.0 or MathType only for equations or for formulas that cannot be produced as Word text using the Times or Symbol font.

Tables

Use Word's Insert Table function when you create tables. Using spaces or tabs in your table will create problems when the table is typeset and may result in errors.

Submitting Supplemental Materials

APA can now place supplementary materials online, available via the published article in the PsycARTICLES^® database. Please see Supplementing Your Article With Online Material for more details.

Abstract and Keywords

All manuscripts must include an abstract containing a maximum of 250 words typed on a separate page. After the abstract, please supply up to five keywords or brief phrases.

References

List references in alphabetical order. Each listed reference should be cited in text, and each text citation should be listed in the References section.

Examples of basic reference formats:

Journal Article:
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225–229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Authored Book:
Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Chapter in an Edited Book:
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309–330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Figures

Graphics files are welcome if supplied as Tiff, EPS, or PowerPoint files. The minimum line weight for line art is 0.5 point for optimal printing.

When possible, please place symbol legends below the figure instead of to the side.

Original color figures can be printed in color at the editor's and publisher's discretion provided the author agrees to pay

• $255 for one figure
• $425 for two figures
• $575 for three figures
• $675 for four figures
• $55 for each additional figure

Permissions

Authors of accepted papers must obtain and provide to the editor on final acceptance all necessary permissions to reproduce in print and electronic form any copyrighted work, including, for example, test materials (or portions thereof) and photographs of people.

Download Permissions Alert Form (PDF, 47KB)

Publication Policies

APA policy prohibits an author from submitting the same manuscript for concurrent consideration by two or more publications.

See also APA Journals^® Internet Posting Guidelines.

APA requires authors to reveal any possible conflict of interest in the conduct and reporting of research (e.g., financial interests in a test or procedure, funding by pharmaceutical companies for drug research).

Download Disclosure of Interests Form (PDF, 38KB)

Authors of accepted manuscripts are required to transfer the copyright to APA.

Download Publication Rights (Copyright Transfer) Form (PDF, 83KB)

Ethical Principles

It is a violation of APA Ethical Principles to publish "as original data, data that have been previously published" (Standard 8.13).

In addition, APA Ethical Principles specify that "after research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release" (Standard 8.14).

APA expects authors to adhere to these standards. Specifically, APA expects authors to have their data available throughout the editorial review process and for at least 5 years after the date of publication.

Authors are required to state in writing that they have complied with APA ethical standards in the treatment of their sample, human or animal, or to describe the details of treatment.

Download Certification of Compliance With APA Ethical Principles Form (PDF, 26KB)

The APA Ethics Office provides the full Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct electronically on their website in HTML, PDF, and Word format. You may also request a copy by emailing or calling the APA Ethics Office (202-336-5930). You may also read "Ethical Principles," December 1992, American Psychologist, Vol. 47, pp. 1597–1611.

Other Information

• Appeals Process for Manuscript Submissions
• Preparing Auxiliary Files for Production
• Document Deposit Procedures for APA Journals