Doctoral Programs in Quantitative Psychology and Related Programs, for review by program members. See below for an explanation of how this list was formed.

Following our definition of quantative psychology, we began our resource analysis by developing a list of the PhD concentrations in quantitative psychology that are housed in departments of psychology. We used a number of sources to develop the list:

1. A list of training programs in quantitative methods developed by APA Division 5, Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics. In March, 2005, Division 5 undertook the project of creating a list of training programs in quantitative methods, to include programs in psychology and education. Division 5 made a call for program identification from the email list of its members. 

2. "Graduate Study in Psychology, 2007." The Task Force received an advance copy of in July 2006. From this we culled all programs indexed under “Quantitative Psychology/Psychometrics.” A number of well recognized quantitative PhD programs were not listed in the index. We reviewed the actual narratives of individual departments in the book to determine whether these departments listed a quantitative concentration. 

3. Departmental websites. We reviewed websites of departments that historically had had a quantitative concentration but were not identified by the above sources. 

4. Self-identified programs in a survey by Aiken, West and Millsap (2007). Aiken et al (2007) had carried out a survey of the quantitative curriculum of all PhD programs in North America, with data collection completed in 1999 and with an 86 percent response rate. In that survey departments were asked whether they had PhD programs in any area of quantitative methods. In fall, 2006, we reviewed the websites of all programs that had answered affirmatively to determine whether the quantitative programs still existed. We also contacted quantitative faculty in those departments to determine whether the programs were still functioning.

Once a student has decided that quantitative psychology may be an area of possible doctoral study, the APA Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists advises students to consider the following academic and research experiences to prepare for the doctoral programs in North America. It is important to note that doctoral programs in quantitative psychology vary in the background and experience that they require for their applicants, so it is important to visit individual program websites for specific requirements.

Wherever possible, it is useful to identify a faculty member who has quantitative interests to supervise and mentor during the preparation for graduate school. At many schools this may be difficult because there are no faculty whose primary focus is on quantitative methods. If this is the case, it is useful to align oneself with a faculty mentor who is an active researcher from whom one can receive advice and gain experience as a research apprentice.

Coursework in mathematics and statistics in undergraduate school

Among the frequently asked questions of undergraduate students who are considering the field of quantitative psychology is what level of mathematics training is required. In fact, this answer varies widely by quantitative program. Quantitative programs do not typically state minimum mathematics and statistics requirements for admission. Yet, admissions committees carefully review transcripts for evidence that the applicant has studied mathematics and/or statistics and has talent in this area. It is useful, and for admission to some quantitative programs essentially mandatory, that students have successfully completed a college-level calculus series. A course in linear algebra is also often useful.

A sustained interest in mathematics and/or statistics is important. Many undergraduates place out of college mathematics courses through advanced placement tests and coursework completed during high school. It is also possible that students have pursued majors during college that require few mathematics requirements. If this is the case, it is still important show evidence that there is an adequate interest and good performance in mathematics.

Coursework in mathematics in graduate school

Some quantitative graduate programs will encourage applicants, once accepted to the doctoral program, either to brush up or strengthen their math abilities by taking courses in the math, statistics or biostatistics departments. In addition to calculus and linear algebra, math courses might include advanced calculus and multivariate calculus. Statistics courses might include introduction to statistics, statistical methods and theory, numerical methods, statistical linear models or probability.

Undergraduate coursework in quantitative methodology in psychology

There are courses in the psychology department that would be very useful to take prior to applying to a quantitative doctoral program. The number of these courses available within the department of psychology varies widely across universities. They may consist of courses covering introductory statistics, advanced undergraduate statistics, tests and measurement, and research methods. Sometimes these courses are offered in other departments as well. Quantitative admissions committees will expect students to show excellent performance in the following types of psychology courses: Statistics for the behavioral sciences, research methods, tests and measurements (psychometric theory) and any advanced psychological statistics course that is offered.

Taking graduate methodology courses as an undergraduate

Some psychology departments will allow (with permission) qualified undergraduates to enroll in graduate-level statistics courses such as a two-semester first year doctoral sequence or upper-level quantitative courses (e.g., multivariate analysis, structural equation modeling and psychometric theory). These experiences are extremely valuable and demonstrate to an admissions committee a student’s ability to perform as a graduate student.

Independent research project

If there is an opportunity to conduct an honors thesis, capstone experience or master’s thesis, this independent research is an excellent way to demonstrate the ability to conceptualize a research problem, select an appropriate design, obtain data, conduct analyses and report findings. Honors theses that involve data-intensive experiences involving statistical/quantitative modeling are strongly encouraged.

Data-intensive research experience

Another important experience that can help an undergraduate or master’s student prepare for a quantitative program is simply joining a professor’s laboratory where there is a chance for significant involvement in a research project (e.g., as a research assistant). While research participation is always useful, for a doctoral program in quantitative a student’s involvement should ideally be focused on the data component of the research, including assisting with research design, item writing, data management, planning for statistical analyses, conducting analyses using common and specialized statistical software and reporting findings.

Other valuable experience

The following additional activities are useful ways to help an admissions committee see a student’s commitment to quantitative. Sometimes there are opportunities to participate in additional educational experiences, such as multiday workshops in quantitative methods, that are offered either at one’s own institution, prior to a national conference or in some other forum. These workshops do not substitute for a course, but they provide a valuable overview of quantitative area. Students are encouraged to present their research (preferably with a quantitative emphasis) at a professional conference and/or publish their research. Most often, it is expected that these professional activities will be conducted under the supervision of a mentor or research advisor. Some students have the opportunity to be a paid (or unpaid) teaching assistant for a research methods course, a statistics course or other related course.

Mathematical psychology is an approach to scientific research across multiple subdisciplines of psychology that “is broadly defined to include work of a theoretical character that uses mathematical methods, formal logic, or computer simulation” (Society for Mathematical Psychology website, accessed Aug. 1, 2007). Scholarly work involving approaches of mathematical psychology includes research in such areas as complex decision making, neural networks and brain mechanisms, models of perception, psycholinguistics and computational models of language, learning, subjective probability, game theory, psychophysics, problem solving and beyond. In fact, quantitative programs in some departments of psychology include tracks in both traditional areas of quantitative psychology (measurement, research design and statistical analysis) and in mathematical and statistical modeling. In other programs, quantitative methods training for the PhD is focused on the traditional areas; mathematical psychology exists as a separate concentration that may or may not exist in the same programs as those that house the more traditional foci. In all, only a handful of psychology departments identify a distinct mathematical psychology concentration.

Departments of educational psychology often house concentrations in quantitative methods. There is a strong tradition of methodological training in educational psychology, with research focused toward educational issues (e.g., educational measurement). Individuals trained in quantitative methods in education “bridge the gap between the theoretical statistician/psychometrician and the educational researcher. They teach, act as consultants to the educational researcher, and conduct their own research on statistics and psychometrics as applied to education” (University of Wisconsin, Department of Educational Psychology website, Feb. 6, 2007).

Disclaimer. We have attempted to capture as many methodology programs housed in Departments of Educational Psychology as possible. We do not claim that this list is complete. Visit the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME) for a list of programs in educational measurement.

We thank members of the Educational Psychology community, including Deborah Bandalos, University of Georgia, David Kaplan, University of Wisconsin, and David Rindskopf, the Graduate Center, CUNY, for their help in generating this list.

Table 1. Number of job advertisements in various areas of Psychology in 1991-1996 versus number of earned doctorates in these areas during the same 6 years.

Note: Counts of Job Ads taken from Bell and Gordie (1997).

Counts of Earned Doctorates taken from NSF Survey of Earned Doctorates, as compiled by the APA Office of Research, January, 2006.

Links to related articles

Too few in quantitative psychology
by Rebecca Clay in the Monitor

As Test-Taking Grows, Test-Makers Grow Rarer
by David Herszenhorn in the NY Times

Links to other web resources

Psychometric Society

APA Division 5

NCME

AERA Division D

SMEP

Society for Mathematical Psychology

Acknowledging the fact that the number of quantitative psychologists is dwindling at the same time that there is a pressing need for training and education in all aspects of quantitative methods, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006. Members of the task force were selected by the APA Board of Scientific Affairs (BSA) and the APA Board of Educational Affairs (BEA The Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists was charged with addressing both the pipeline of qualified students and opportunities for training in quantitative psychology (with an emphasis on early undergraduate education through postdoctoral training). One of the goals of the Task Force was the development of strategies for increasing representation of minorities and women in the field of quantitative psychology. The Task Force submitted its final report to the Council of Representatives in 2009.  The report details approaches for making qualified students aware of the discipline of quantitative psychology;  It also contains an analysis of sources of students (within and beyond psychology), and  includes strategies to inform those who mentor undergraduate students into graduate disciplines about the field of quantitative psychology.

Task Force Members

• Chair, Leona S. Aiken, PhD, Arizona State University

• Herman Aguinis, PhD, University of Colorado, Denver 

• Mark Appelbaum, PhD, University of California San Diego 

• Gwyneth M. Boodoo, PhD, GMB Enterprises 

• Michael C. Edwards, PhD, Ohio State University 

• Richard D. Gonzalez, PhD, University of Michigan 

• Abigail Panter, PhD, University of North Carolina 

• Debra Park, West Deptford High School 

• Thanos Patelis, PhD, The College Board