Experts have a strong grasp on what works best for teaching reading to children with dyslexia and those at risk of developing the learning disability, according to a meta-analysis of 40 years of research (Hall, C., et al., Reading Research Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2023opens in new window). Interventions should focus on word-reading skills, studies show, and those interventions should come early and often. More intensive and sustained interventions produce the best results. Results are even better when interventions begin in kindergarten through second grade, compared with a more delayed start in Grades 3 through 5.
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For clinicians, it is important to remember that learning disorders and mental health are interrelated, said Tim Odegard, a developmental cognitive psychologist and professor of psychology at Middle Tennessee State University and editor-in-chief of the journal Annals of Dyslexia. Reading struggles can cause anxiety. By the end of elementary school or beginning of middle school, anxiety can make children averse to reading, which in turn harms their learning opportunities and reading skills. It can become a detrimental cycle. Effective strategies for addressing both include cognitive behavior therapy (Vaughn, S., et al., Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 55, No. 5, 2022opens in new window) and peer-mentoring programs (Williams, C. J., et al., Frontiers in Education, Vol. 9, 2024opens in new window).
Encouraging the development of social skills and interactions with peers who have similar diagnoses can prevent social isolation, said Stephanie Haft, a clinical psychology doctoral intern at the University of California, Berkeley. And building those kinds of relationships can ease both stigma and anxiety. Haft also suggested that psychologists work closely with teachers to incorporate emotional supports into individualized education plans.
Finally, it is essential to perform a comprehensive assessment of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning, Haft said. When present, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and other conditions can exacerbate dyslexia and impede learning.
“Supporting the mental health of youth with dyslexia is crucial,” Haft said. “By providing comprehensive support and interventions, we can foster their overall well-being, academic success, and long-term resilience.”
