Recommended Readings

• Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M.A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., et al. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist^®, 49, 15-24.
• Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M., Folkman, S., & Syme, L. (1993). Socioeconomic inequalities in health: No easy solution. JAMA, 269, 3140-3145.
• Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy White women. Health Psychology, 19, 586-592.
• Adler, N. E., & Snibbe, A. C. (2003). The role of psychosocial processes in explaining the gradient between socioeconomic status and health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 119-123.
• Costello, E. J., Compton, S. N., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Relationships between poverty and psychopathology: A natural experiment. JAMA, 290, 2023-2029.
• Daly, M.C., Duncan, G.J., McDonough, P., & Williams, D.R. (2002). Optimal indicators of socioeconomic status for health research. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1151-1157.
• Demakakos, P., Nazroo, J., Breeze, E., & Marmot, M. (2008). Socioeconomic status and health: the role of subjective social status. Social Science & Medicine, 67(2), 330-340.
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 85, 80-94.
• Marmot, M. G., Shipley, M. J., & Rose G. (1984). Inequalities in death — Specific explanations of a general pattern? Lancet, 1, 1003-1006.
• Marmot, M. G., Smith, G. D., Stansfeld, S., Patel, C., North, F., Head, J., et al. (1991). Health inequalities among British civil servants: The Whitehall II study. The Lancet, 337, 1397-1393.
• Singh-Manoux, A., Adler, N. E., & Marmot, M. G. (2003). Subjective social status: Its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II study. Social Science & Medicine , 56 , 1321-1333.
• Singh-Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., & Adler, N. E. (2005). Does subjective social status predict health and change in health status better than objective status? Psychosomatic Medicine , 67 , 855-861.
• Backlund, E., Sorlie, P. D., & Johnson, N. J. (1999). A comparison of the relationships of education and income with mortality: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Social Science and Medicine, 49, 1373-1384.

Food Insecurity

• Using American Community Survey data to expand access to the school meals programsopens in new window.
  Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) reports (National Academies)
• Food insecurity and hunger in the United States — an assessmentopens in new window.

Older Adults

• Grundy, E., & Holt, G. (2001).The socioeconomic status of older adults: How should we measure it in studies of health inequalities? Journal of Epidemiological Community Health, 55, 895-904.

• Bornstein, M.H., Hahn, C., Suwalsky, J.D., & Haynes, O. (2003). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development: The Hollingshead Four-Factor Index of Social Status and The Socioeconomic Index of Occupations. In M.H. Bornstein & R.H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 29-82). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Duncan, G.J., & Magnuson, K.A. (2003). Off with Hollingshead: Socioeconomic resources, parenting, and child development. In M.H. Bornstein & R.H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 83-106). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Gershoff, E.T., Aber, J.L., Raver, C.C., & Lennon, M.C. (2007). Income is not enough: Incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. Child Development, 78, 70-95.
• Small area estimates of school age children in poverty — evaluation of current methodologyopens in new window.
  
• Goodman, E., Adler, N.E., Kawachi, I., Frazier, A.L., Huang, B., Colditz, G.A. (2001). Adolescents' perceptions of social status: Development and evaluation of a new indicator. Pediatrics, 108(2), 31-38.

• Bullock, H.E., & Lott, B. (2001). Building a research and advocacy agenda on issues of economic justice. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 1, 147-162.

Methodology

• American Psychological Association, Task Force on Socioeconomic Status. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Statusopens in new window (PDF, 517KB). Washington, DC: APA.
• Cirino, P.T., Chin, C.E., Sevcik, R.A., Wolf, M., Lovett, M., & Morris, R.D. (2002). Measuring socioeconomic status: reliability and preliminary validity for different approaches. Assessment, 9(2), 145-155.
• Citro, C.F., & Michael, R.T. (Eds.). (1995). Measuring poverty: A new approach. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
• Diemer, M.A., Mistry, R.S., Wadsworth, M.E., Lopez, I., Reimers, F. (2013). Best practices in conceptualizing and measuring social class in psychological research. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13(1), 77-113.
• Duncan, G.J., & Petersen, E. (2001). The long and short of asking questions about income, wealth and labor supply. Social Science Research, 30, 248-263.
• Hollingshead, A.B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript.
• Huston, A.C., McLoyd, V.C., & Garcia Coll, C. (1997). Poverty and behavior: The case for multiple methods and levels of analysis. Developmental Review, 17, 376-393.
• Marks, G.N. (2011). Issues in the conceptualization and measurement of socioeconomic background: do different measures generate different conclusions? Social Indicators Research, 104(2), 225-251.

• Hansen, K., & Kneale, D. (2013). Does how you measure income make a difference to measuring poverty? Evidence from the UK. Social Indicators Research, 110, 1119-1140.
• Kawachi, I. (2000). Income inequality and health. In L. F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology (pp.76-94). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Kawachi, I., & Kennedy, B. P. (1999). Income inequality and health: Pathways and mechanisms. Health ServicesReview, 34, 215-227.
• Lott, B., & Bullock, H. E. (2007). Psychology and economic injustice: Personal, professional, and political intersections. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Moore, J.C., Stinson, L.L., & Welniak, E.J. (2000). Income measurement error in surveys: A review. Journal of Official Statistics, 16(4), 331-361.
• Mathematica report — Income data for policy analysis: a comparative assessment of eight surveysopens in new window (PDF, 4.5MB)
  Includes recommendations (e.g., p. xviii), tables denoting language used by each survey to measure income (p. 29) and an annotated bibliography (Appendix A; p. 345)
• Reengineering the survey of income and program participationopens in new window.

Poverty

• Cozzarelli, C.,Wilkinson, A.V., & Tagler, M. J. (2001). Attitudes toward the poor and attributions for poverty. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 207-228.
• Mayer, S., & Jencks, C. (1989). Poverty and the distribution of material hardship. Journal of Human Resources, 24, 88-114.
• Nakao, K., Treas, J. (1994). Updating occupational prestige and socioeconomic scores: How the new measures measure up. Sociological Methodology, 24, 1-72.
• Oakes, J. M., & Rossi, P. H. (2003).The measurement of SES in health research: Current practice and steps toward a new approach. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 769-784.
• Ostrove, J. M., & Cole, E. R. (Eds.). (2003). Psychological meanings of social class in the context of education. Journal of Social Issues, 59 (4).
• Robert, S. A., & House, J. S. (1996). SES differentials in health by age and alternative indicators of SES. Journalof Aging and Health, 8, 359-388.
• Roosa, M., Deng, S., Nair, R., & Burrell, G. (2005).Measures for studying poverty in family and child research. Journal of Marriage and Family , 67 , 971-988.
• Sapolsky, R. (2005, December). Sick of poverty. Scientific American, 293 (6), 92-99.
• Short, K. (2013). The Research Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2012. Current population reports. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Sept. 25, 2013 from https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p60-247.pdf.
• Smith, L. (2010). Psychology, poverty, and the end of social exclusion: Putting our practice to work . New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
• Williams, W. R. (2009). Struggling with poverty: Implications for theory and policy of increasing research on social-class based stigma. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy , 9 (1), 37-56.
• Experimental poverty measures — summary of a workshopopens in new window.
• Measuring poverty — a new approach.opens in new window
• Small area income and poverty estimates — Priorities for 2000 and beyondopens in new window.

• Kraus, M.W., Piff, P.K., & Keltner, D. (2009). Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 992-1004.
• Krieger, N., Williams, D.R., & Moss, N.E. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 341-378.
• Liberatos, P., Link, B. G., & Kelsey, J. L. (1988).The measurement of social class in epidemiology. EpidemiologicReviews, 10, 87-121.
• Liu, W.M., Ali, S.R., Soleck, G., Hopps, J., Dunston, K., & Pickett, T. (2004). Using social class in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 3-18.