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Digital mental health technologies

Woman looking at her smartphone

What is digital health?

According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) digital health is a broad category that includes “mobile health (mHealth), health information technology (IT), wearable devices, telehealth and telemedicine, and personalized medicine.”

Digital health
Health IT mHealth

electronic health records

e-faxing

encrypted email

secure texting/patient messaging

telehealth (videoconferencing) platforms

Voice Over Internet Phone (VOIP)

wellness apps

wearable devices

  • consumer fitness trackers
  • consumer sleep trackers

digital therapeutics

  • augmented and virtual reality programs
  • prescribed or “ordered” apps
  • remote monitoring devices

Health information technology

According to the US Department of Health and Humans Service (HHS), “health ITopens in new window involves the processing, storage, and exchange of health information in an electronic environment.” This includes a wide variety of technologies that support clinical practice, such as:

mHealth

mHealth, short for mobile health, is “the use of mobile and wireless devices (cell phones, tablets, wearables, etc.) to improve health outcomes, health care services, and health research” (National Institutes of Healthopens in new window).

Tens of thousands of mobile applications are available on demand to monitor and support mental health. These applications range from consumer-facing wellness apps to prescription digital therapeutics.

Wellness apps

  • These apps are not intended to treat a mental health condition.
  • They are meant to aid in daily living by promoting healthy lifestyle and general well-being.
    • These apps focus on a wide variety of topics such as habit tracking, gratitude, journaling, meditation, and physical activity.
  • Most wellness apps are self-driven and are available to the public through app stores.
  • They do not require a prescription. Additionally, they are not FDA regulated and are not subject to HIPAA.

Digital therapeutics

Digital therapeutics (DTx) use software programs to deliver evidence-based and clinically validated interventions to diagnose, treat, or prevent mental and behavioral health disorders.

  • They are not direct-to-consumer apps.
  • They often require a prescription (or “order”) from a licensed practitioner.
  • They are regulated by the FDA as software as a medical device (SaMD).
  • They can be used independently or as an adjunct to psychotherapy or medications as part of a patient’s treatment plan.

Potential of digital therapeutics

Opportunities Important considerations
  • During the COVID-19 pandemic, digital interventions provided safer alternatives to in-person care. 1opens in new window
  • DTx have the potential to address health disparities if the tools are designed and implemented using a multi-level, digital health equity framework. 3opens in new window 4opens in new window
  • DTx can expand access to care by providing readily available and scalable solutions. 5opens in new window
  • DTx is observed to be more cost-effective compared to treatment as usual. 7opens in new window
  • DTx can minimize time providers spend performing administrative tasks, while increasing time with patients. 9opens in new window
  • Digital interventions have been shown to be efficacious across demographic groups. 10opens in new window
  • DTx can be adapted across different sociocultural contexts to deliver psychoeducation and treatment. 11opens in new window



Digital health resources

Digital Therapeutics Allianceopens in new window: (Now acquired by the American Telemedicine Association (ATA) Action Networkopens in new window) provides patients, clinicians, payers, and policymakers with tools to evaluate and utilize DTx products. 

Technology 101: Features educational resources to integrate technology into practice in a safe, effective, and ethical manner.

Tech Talk with the Experts: Monthly column where members of our Mental Health Technology Advisory committee answer questions from clinicians related to the intersection of psychology and technology.

On the Horizon: Monthly column providing updates about recent innovations and new advancements in technology that can enhance psychological practice.

Monitor on Psychology: Technology is reshaping practice to expand psychology’s reach

Monitor on Psychology: Addressing equity and ethics in artificial intelligence

Monitor on Psychology: Mental health care is in high demand. Psychologists are leveraging tech and peers to meet the need

Speaking of Psychology: Episode 341: Can AI help solve the mental health crisis?

Evolving regulations

Digital therapeutics meet classification for Software as a Medical Deviceopens in new window and fall under U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight. As such, they typically require formal FDA review and clearance before clinical use.

To assist product developers in understanding their software function and to provide clarity on FDA oversight, FDA has created a Digital Health Policy Navigatoropens in new window.

Through discussions and advocacy efforts, APA is working to ensure that licensed psychologists are able to provide prescription DTx to their patients, as outlined in medical device regulations (21 CFR Sec. 801.109opens in new window).

FDA regulations for prescribing medical device software are different from those for prescribing medications at the state level.

When manufacturers of DTx software seek FDA clearance or approval, they need to include licensed psychologists, either by naming them specifically or implicitly as among those who can order their use.

To expand our advocacy efforts in this arena, APA recently joined the FDA Network of Experts Programopens in new window as the only nonphysician specialty society; this enables APA members to provide their expertise to the FDA on a variety of areas, including digital mental health.

Access and reimbursement barriers

The digital therapeutics industry rapidly expandedopens in new window with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as digital health adoption healthcare costs, and efficiency. For example, The DTx market is projected to grow from $8.73 billion in 2024 to $10.99 billion in 2025.13 

In 2025, the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) established three new CPT/HCPCS codes for digital mental health treatments (DMHT) devices integral to professional behavioral health services used in conjunction with ongoing behavioral health care treatment under a behavioral health treatment plan of care. This allows for advancement in coding and reimbursement structures. 

Below are the following CPT/HCPCS codes and descriptors. 

CPT®/HCPCS CodeDescriptor 
G0552 Supply of digital mental health treatment device and initial education and onboarding, per course of treatment that augments a behavioral therapy plan 
G0553First 20 minutes of monthly treatment management services directly related to the patient's therapeutic use of the digital mental health treatment (DMHT) device that augments a behavioral therapy plan, physician/other qualified health care professional time reviewing information related to the use of the DMHT device, including patient observations and patient specific inputs in a calendar month and requiring at least one interactive communication with the patient/caregiver during the calendar month 
G0554Each additional 20 minutes of monthly treatment management services directly related to the patient's therapeutic use of the digital mental health treatment (DMHT) device that augments a behavioral therapy plan, physician/other qualified health care professional time reviewing data generated from the DMHT device from patient observations and patient specific inputs in a calendar month and requiring at least one interactive communication with the patient/caregiver during the calendar month 

In partnership with other key organizations, APA continues to play a proactive and leading role in how digital therapeutics are used in real-world practice, how they are reimbursed, and how DTx software is built and implemented on foundations of psychological science and health equity.

Role of psychologists

Psychologists play a critical role in this area and bring unique expertise. Digital technologies serve as another tool psychologists can use as part of their treatment plans, extending their reach to address the needs of patients, families, organizations, and communities.

We envision an increased need for psychologists to train and supervise other providers in their use of mental health technologies, especially in the areas of assessment and treatment planning for the increasingly complex array of in-person, telehealth, and digital care options. Already, we are seeing increasing requests for psychologists to serve as subject matter experts to technology companies and regulatory bodies, bringing clinical wisdom, diversity, ethics, science, systems expertise, complex problem-solving, among other skills and perspectives. Overall, it is important for APA and psychologists to continue to lead and shape technology’s relationship with health and health care.

FDA-cleared digital therapeutics for mental and behavioral health

DTx for mental and behavioral health focus on a range of health conditions including ADHD, anxiety, depression, insomnia, PTSD, and substance use.

Examples of devices include:

Research on digital therapeutics for mental and behavioral health

Existing research suggests that:

ADHD

  • DTx are a useful adjunctive treatment for children with ADHD

Anxiety

  • DTx can reduce symptoms of anxiety, worry, and panic

Depression

  • DTx can reduce depressive symptoms
  • DTx that incorporate guided therapeutic support (compared to self-guided) leads to better outcomes
  • This finding may be impacted by the severity of depression
  • Self-guided DTx may successfully address mild depressive symptoms

Insomnia

  • Digitally delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) can significantly improve insomnia symptoms
  • Digital CBTI also can reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression
  • Digital CBTI is more effective in treating insomnia than either face-to-face CBTI or medications

PTSD

  • DTx (which for PTSD includes wearable devices) can reduce nightmares and symptoms of panic associated with PTSD

Substance use

  • DTx can reduce use of substances and may improve treatment retention

This is a rapidly evolving area of research. The content above represents a general overview of major findings to date.

Educational resources for implementing DTx in your practice

References for clinical research on digital therapeutics

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Bei, B., Pinnington, D. M., Quin, N., Shen, L., Blumfield, M., Wiley, J. F., Drummond, S. P. A., Newman, L. K., & Manber, R. (2023). Improving perinatal sleep via a scalable cognitive behavioural intervention: Findings from a randomised controlled trial from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum. Psychological Medicine, 53(2), 513-523. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001860opens in new window

Bostock, S., Luik, A., & Espie, C. A. (2016). Sleep and productivity benefits of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. A randomized controlled trial conducted in the workplace environment. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(7), 683-689. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000778opens in new window

Cheng, P., Luik, A. I., Fellman-Couture, C., Peterson, E., Joseph, C. L. M., Tallent, G., Tran, K. M., Ahmedani, B. K., Roehers, T., Roth, T., & Drake, C. L. (2019). Efficacy of digital CBT for insomnia to reduce depression across demographic groups: A randomized trial. Psychological Medicine, 49(3), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001113opens in new window

Christensen, H., Batterham, P. J., Gosling, J. A., Ritterband, L. M., Griffiths, K. M., Thorndike, F. P., Glozier, N., O’Dea, B., Hickie, I. B., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2016). Effectiveness of an online insomnia program (SHUTi) for prevention of depressive episodes (the GoodNight Study): A randomized controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(4), 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00536-2opens in new window

Chung, S., Cho, I. K., Kim, J., Lee, D., Cho, E., Choi, J. M., Ha, T.K., Lee, Y.J, Kim, J.H., & Choi, J. H. (2024). Efficacy and safety of digital therapeutic application of sleep index ‐ based treatment for insomnia (dSIBT ‐ I): A pilot study.   Journal of Sleep Research , 33(1), e14039. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14039opens in new window

Espie, C. A., Emsley, R., Kyle, S. D., Gordon, C., Drake, C. L., Siriwardena, A. N., Cape, J., Ong, J. C., Sheaves, B., Foster, R., Freeman, D., Costa-Font, J., Marsden, A., & Luik, A. I. (2019). Effect of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on health, psychological well-being and sleep-related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 76(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2745opens in new window

Espie, C. A., Kyle, S. D., Williams, C., Ong, J. C., Douglas, N. J., Hames, P., & Brown, J. S. L. (2012). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an automated media-rich web application. Sleep, 35(6), 769-781. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1872opens in new window

Felder, J. N., Epel, E. S., Neuhaus, J., Krystal, A. D., & Prather, A. A. (2020). Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of insomnia symptoms among pregnant women. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 77(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4491opens in new window

Felder, J. N., Epel, E. S., Neuhaus, J., Krystal, A. D., & Prather, A. A. (2022). Randomized controlled trial of digital cognitive behavior therapy for prenatal insomnia symptoms: effects on postpartum insomnia and mental health. Sleep, 45(2), zsab280. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab280opens in new window

Forma, F., Knight, T., Baik, R., Wallace, M., Malone, D., Xiong, X., Velez, F., Thorndike, F., & Maricich, Y. (2023). Reduced healthcare resource utilization in patients with chronic insomnia 24 months after treatment with digital CBT-I: A matched-control study. CNS Spectrums, 28(2), 228-228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852923001529opens in new window

Forma, F., Pratiwadi, R., El-Moustaid, F., Smith, N., Thorndike, F., & Velez, F. (2022). Network meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of prescription digital therapeutic for chronic insomnia to medications and face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy in adults. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 38(10), 1727-1738. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2022.2108616opens in new window

Gkintoni, E., Vassilopoulos, S. P., Nikolaou, G., & Boutsinas, B. (2025). Digital and AI-enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: neurocognitive mechanisms and clinical outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2265. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072265opens in new window

Gordon, C. J., Cheung, J. M., Schrire, Z. M., Rahimi, M., Aji, M., Salomon, H., ... & Grunstein, R. R. (2025). Integrating digital behavioural therapy for insomnia into primary care: A feasibility mixed ‐ methods study.   Journal of Sleep Research , 34(3), e14401. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14401opens in new window

Hasan, F., Tu, Y. K., Yang, C. M., Gordon C., Wu, D., Lee, H. C., Yuliana, L. T., Herawati, L., Chen, T. J., & Chiu, H. Y. (2022). Comparative efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 61, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101567opens in new window

Henry, A. L., Miller, C. B., Emsley, R., Sheaves, B., Freeman, D., Luik, A., Littlewood, D. L., Saunders, K. E. A., Kanady, J. C., Carl, J. R., Davis, M. L., Kyle, S. D., & Espie, C. A. (2021). Insomnia as a mediating therapeutic target for depressive symptoms: A sub-analysis of participant data from two large randomized controlled trials of a digital sleep intervention. Journal of Sleep Research, 30(1), e13140. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13140opens in new window

Hwang, J. W., Lee, G. E., Woo, J. H., Kim, S. M., & Kwon, J. Y. (2025). Systematic review and meta-analysis on fully automated digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. npj Digital Medicine, 8(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01514-4opens in new window

Kalmbach, D. A., Cheng, P., O’Brien, L. M., Swanson, L. M., Sangha, R., Sen, S., Guille, C., Cuamatzi-Castelan, A., Henry, A. L., Roth, T., and Drake, C. L. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in pregnant women. Sleep Medicine, 72, 89-92. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sleep.2020.03.016opens in new window

Kyle, S. D., Hurry, M. E. D., Emsley, R., Marsden, A., Omlin, X., Juss, A., Spiegelhalder, K., Bisdounis, L., Luik, A., Espie, C. A., & Sexton, C. E. (2020). The effects of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on cognitive function: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep Research Society, 40(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa034opens in new window

Lee, S., Oh, J. W., Park, K. M., Lee, S., & Lee, E. (2023). Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Npj Digital Medicine, 6, 52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00800-3opens in new window

Luik, A., Marsden, A., Emsley, R., Henry, A. L., Stott, R., Miller, C. B., & Espie, C. A. (2020). Long-term benefits of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: Follow-up report from a randomized clinical trial. Insomnia, 29(4), e13018. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13018opens in new window

Morin, C., Thorndike, F. P., Ojile, J. M., Gerwein, R., Wendorf, A., & Maricich, Y. A. (2023). Digital CBT-I improves sleep and reduces anxiety and depression symptoms in adults with chronic insomnia: Interim analysis of DREAM study. CNS Spectrums 28(2), 227-228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852923001505opens in new window

Ritterband, L. M., Thorndike, F. P., Ingersoll, K. S., Lord, H. R., Gonder-Frederick, L., Frederick, C., Quigg, M. S., Cohn, W. F., & Morin, C. M. (2017). Effect of web-based cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia intervention with 1-year follow up: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of American Medical Association Psychiatry, 74(1), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3249opens in new window

Ritterband, L. M., Shaffer, K. M., Thorndike, F. P., Chow, P. I., Gonder-Frederick, L., Ingersoll, K. S., ... & Morin, C. M. (2025). A randomized controlled trial of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia for older adults. npj Digital Medicine, 8(1), 458. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01847-0opens in new window

Simon, L., Steinmetz, L., Feige, B., Bez, F., Spiegelhalder, K., & Baumeister, H. (2023). Comparative efficacy of onsite, digital, and other settings for cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: A systematic review and network analysis. Scientific Reports, 13, 1929. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28853-0opens in new window

Soh, H. L., Ho, R. C., Ho, C. S., Tam, W. W. (2020). Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Sleep Medicine, 75, 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.08.020opens in new window

Stott, R., Pimm, J., Emsley, R., Miller, C. B., & Espie, C. A. (2021). Does adjunctive digital CBT for insomnia improve clinical outcomes in an improving access to psychological therapies service? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 144, 103922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103922opens in new window

Tapia, J. L., Puertas, F. J., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2023). Digital therapeutics for insomnia: Assessing the effectiveness of a computerized home-based cognitive stimulation program. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 22(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin2202034opens in new window

Thorndike, F. P., Morin, C. M., Ojile, J., Edington, S., Gerwien, R., Ong, J. C., Emerson, W.M., Ritterband, L. M., & Riney, H. (2024). Effect of a prescription digital therapeutic for chronic insomnia on post-treatment insomnia severity, depression, and anxiety symptoms: results from the real-world DREAM study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 15, 1450615. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1450615opens in new window

Tian, X. T., Meng, Y., Wang, R. L., Tan, R., Liu, M. S., Xu, W., ... & Cai, W. P. (2025). Digital cognitive behavioral therapy as a novel treatment for insomnia. World Journal of Psychiatry, 15(4), 104042. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i4.104042opens in new window

Vedaa, Ø., Kallestad, H., Scott, J., Smith, O. R. F., Pallesen, S., Morken, G., Langsrud, K., Gehrman, P., Thorndike, F. P., Ritterband, L. M., Harvey, A. G., Stiles, T., & Sivertsen, B. (2020). Effects of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on insomnia severity: A large-scale randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), e397-e406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30135-7opens in new window

Werner-Seidler, A., Li, S. H., Spanos, S., Johnston, L., O’Dea, B., Torok, M., Ritterband, L., Newby, J. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Christensen, H. (2023). The effects of a sleep-focused smartphone application on insomnia and depressive symptoms: A randomised controlled trial and mediation analysis. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(9), 1324-1335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13795opens in new window

Cuyler, R. N., Katdare, R., Thomas, S., & Telch, M. J. (2022). Real-world outcomes of an innovative digital therapeutic for treatment of panic disorder and PTSD: A 1,500 patient effectiveness study. Frontiers inDigital Health, 4, 976001. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2022.976001opens in new window

Davenport, N. D., & Werner, K. (2023). A randomized sham-controlled clinical trial of a novel wearable intervention for trauma-related nightmares in military veterans. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 19(2), 361-369. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.10338opens in new window

Davis, D., & Alexanian, S. (2024). Role-playing recovery in social virtual worlds: adult use of child avatars as PTSD therapy. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update, 5, 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpbup.2023.100129opens in new window

Davis, C. A., Miller, M., & McLean, C. P. (2024). The impact of user engagement with exposure components on posttraumatic stress symptoms in an mHealth mobile app: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 12, e49393. https://doi.org/10.2196/49393opens in new window

Ehlers, A., Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Grey, N., Murray, H., Kerr, A., Rozental, A., Thew, G., Janecka, M., Beierl, E., Tsiachristas, A., Perera-Salazar, R., Andersson, G., & Clark, D. M. (2023). Therapist-assisted online psychological therapies differing in trauma focus for post-traumatic stress disorder (STOP-PTSD: A UK-based, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 10(8), 608-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00181-5opens in new window

Iyadurai, L., Highfield, J., Kanstrup, M., Markham, A., Ramineni, V., Guo, B., Jaki, T., Kingslake, J., Goodwin, G. M., Summers, C., Bonsall, M. B., & Holmes, E. A. (2023). Reducing intrusive memories after trauma via an imagery-competing task intervention in COVID-19 intensive care staff: A randomised controlled trial. Translational Psychiatry, 13(1), 290. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02578-0opens in new window

Jones, C., Miguel-Cruz, A., Smith-MacDonald, L., Cruikshank, E., Baghoori, D., Kaur Chohan, A., Laidlaw, A., White, A., Cao, B., Agyapong, V., Burback, L., Winkler, O., Sevigny, P. R., Dennett, L., Ferguson-Pell, M., Greenshaw, A., & Brémault-Phillips, S. (2020). Virtual trauma-focused therapy for military members, veterans, and public safety personnel with posttraumatic stress injury: Systematic scoping review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(9), e22079. https://doi.org/10.2196/22079opens in new window

Lawrence-Sidebottom, D., Huffman, L. G., Beam, A. B., Guerra, R., Parikh, A., Roots, M., & Huberty, J. (2024). Rates of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress in a pediatric digital mental health intervention: retrospective analysis of associations with anxiety and depressive symptom improvement over time. JMIR pediatrics and parenting, 7(1), e55560. https://doi.org/10.2196/55560opens in new window

Ostacher, M. J., Fischer, E., Bowen, E. R., Lyu, J., Robbins, D. J., & Suppes, T. (2021). Investigation of a capnometry guided respiratory intervention in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 46, 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-021-09521-3opens in new window

Schulte, C., Harrer, M., Sachser, C., Weiss, J., & Zarski, A. C. (2024). Internet-and mobile-based psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress symptoms in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Digital Medicine, 7(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01042-7opens in new window

Tng, G. Y., Koh, J., Soh, X. C., Majeed, N. M., & Hartanto, A. (2024). Efficacy of digital mental health interventions for PTSD symptoms: A systematic review of meta-analyses. Journal of Affective Disorders, 357, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.074opens in new window

Businelle, M. S., Perski, O., Hébert, E. T., & Kendzor, D. E. (2024). Mobile health interventions for substance use disorders. Annual review of clinical psychology, 20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-042337opens in new window

Gallegos, K. S., Potter, J. S., King, V. L., Siegel, G., Siegel, L. H., & Marino, E. N. (2025). Development of a Sham Smartphone App for Opioid Use Disorder: Acceptability and Suitability Study. JMIR Formative Research, 9(1), e71105. https://doi.org/10.2196/71105opens in new window

Guo, H., Yang, H., Yuan, G., Zhu, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, X., Lu, X., Zhang, J., Du, J., Shi, H., Jin, G., Hao, J., Sun, Y., Su, P., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Effectiveness of information and communication technology (ICT) for addictive behaviors: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Computers in Human Behavior, 147, 107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107843opens in new window

Johansson, M., Romero, D., Jakobson, M., Heinemans, N., & Lindner, P. (2024). Digital interventions targeting excessive substance use and substance use disorders: a comprehensive and systematic scoping review and bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry, 15, 1233888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1233888opens in new window

Guo, H., Yang, H., Yuan, G., Zhu, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, X., Lu, X., Zhang, J., Du, J., Shi, H., Jin, G., Hao, J., Sun, Y., Su, P., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Effectiveness of information and communication technology (ICT) for addictive behaviors: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Computers in Human Behavior, 147, 107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107843opens in new window

King Jr, V. L., Siegel, G., Priesmeyer, H. R., Siegel, L. H., & Potter, J. S. (2024). Development and evaluation of a digital app for patient self-management of opioid use disorder: usability, acceptability, and utility study. JMIR Formative Research, 8, e48068. https://doi.org/10.2196/48068opens in new window

Maricich, Y. A., Bickel, W. K., Marsch, L. A., Gatchalian, K., Botbyl, J., & Luderer, H. F. (2021). Safety and efficacy of a prescription digital therapeutic as an adjunct to buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder. Addiction Medicine, 37(2), 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2020.1846022opens in new window

Maricich, Y. A., Nunes, E. V., Campbell, A. N., Botbyl, J. D., & Luderer H. F. (2022). Safety and efficacy of a digital therapeutic for substance use disorder: Secondary analysis of data from NIDA clinical trials network study. Substance Abuse, 43(1), 937-942. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2022.2060425opens in new window

Meyer, B., Utter, G., & Hillman, C., (2021). A personalized, interactive, cognitive behavioral therapy-based digital therapeutic (MODIA) for adjunctive treatment of opioid use disorder: A developmental study. JMIR Mental Health, 8(10), e31173. https://doi.org/10.2196/31173opens in new window

Mogk, J., Idu, A. E., Bobb, J. F., Key, D., Wong, E. S., Palazzo, L., ... & Glass, J. E. (2024). Prescription Digital Therapeutics for Substance Use Disorder in Primary Care: Mixed Methods Evaluation of a Pilot Implementation Study. JMIR Formative Research, 8, e59088. https://doi.org/10.2196/59088opens in new window

O’Logbon, J., Wickersham, A., Williamson, C., & Leightley, D. (2024). The effectiveness of digital health technologies for reducing substance use among young people: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Health, 33(5), 645-673. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2023.2245902opens in new window

Palazzo, L., Dorsey, C. N., Mogk, J., Beatty, T., King, D., Stefanik-Guizlo, K., ... & Glass, J. E. (2024). Formative evaluation of the implementation of digital therapeutics for opioids and other substance use disorders in primary care (DIGITS trial). Implementation Research and Practice, 5, 26334895241301670. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334895241301670opens in new window

Scialanca, M., Alexander, K., & Tofighi, B. (2025). Digital psychosocial interventions tailored for people in opioid use disorder treatment: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e69538. https://doi.org/10.2196/69538opens in new window

Vaca, F. E., Dziura, J., Abujarad, F., Pantalon, M., Hsiao, A., Reynolds, J., Maciejewski, K. R., Field, C. A., & D’Onofrio, G. (2023). Use of an automated bilingual digital health tool to reduce unhealthy alcohol use among Latino emergency department patients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 6(5), e2314848. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.14848opens in new window

Velez, F. F., Colman, S., Kauffman, L., Ruetsch, C., & Anastassopoulos, K. (2021). Real-world reduction in healthcare resource utilization following treatment of opioid use disorder with reSET-O, a novel prescription digital therapeutic. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 21(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2021.1840357opens in new window

Xiong, X., Braun, S., Stitzer, M., Luderer, H., Shafai, G., Hare, B., Stevenson, M., & Maricich, Y. (2023). Evaluation of real-world outcomes associated with use of a prescription digital therapeutic to treat substance use disorders. The American Journal of Addictions, 32(1), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13346opens in new window

Zhang, L., Li, N., Li, Y., Zhang, T., Li, D., Liu, Y., Liu, X., & Hao, W. (2022). Preliminary efficacy of a digital therapeutics smartphone application for methamphetamine use disorder: An experimental study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 19(13), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1027695opens in new window

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