APA Handbook of Depression

Part of the landmark APA Handbooks in Psychology^® Series from APA

This comprehensive two-volume handbook provides an authoritative, robust examination of current information on depression.

Depression is a leading cause of disability, a major contributor to global disease burden, and one of the most commonly presenting problems in mental health and primary care settings. Its pervasive impact on individuals, families, and communities underscores the urgency of advancing understanding and treatment of this complex mental health condition. The APA Handbook of Depression reflects the critical need for a comprehensive resource that highlights advancements, presents up-to-date knowledge, and provides mental health professionals with a robust foundation for clinical practice, research, and education. The 75 chapters in the handbook represent the collective efforts of leaders in the field, spanning diverse disciplines and perspectives, and reflecting a rich tapestry of expertise within depression research and practice. Chapter contributors synthesized the latest research findings and clinical insights into a compendium that contextualizes the breadth and depth of basic and applied research on depression within diverse populations and developmental periods, while also identifying critical directions for future research.

Volume 1 contains four parts focusing on classification, epidemiology, co-occurring conditions, and etiological processes of depression. Part 1 delves into the historical context of depression, diagnostic classification, epidemiological trends, and the burden of co-occurring conditions such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and trauma-related disorders, among others. Part 2 explores multiple biological contributors to depression, from molecular genetics to brain structure and function to psychophysiology and neuroimmune interactions. Part 2 further delves into behavioral genetics, animal models of depression, and the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in depression. Part 3 examines individual differences and psychological processes, including temperament, attachment, stress reactivity, self-regulation, and reward processing. Part 3 also considers learning and cognition in depression, including attention, interpretation, cognitive control, and memory. Finally, Part 4 covers social and cultural processes in depression, including interpersonal relationships, community, and cultural processes. Part 4 also addresses depression-related stigma and the increasing relevance of technology to depression. In Volume 2, the focus shifts to depression in historically marginalized  populations, depression across the lifespan, and assessment, prevention, and treatment of depression. Part 1 highlights the unique challenges faced by diverse populations and minoritized groups. Part 2 addresses depression across different developmental stages, from early childhood to late life depression, and depression in the peripartum period. Part 3 covers ethical issues in research and practice with depression and also focuses on assessment approaches in relation to depression that include traditional and more modern methods. Finally, Part 4 provides a comprehensive review of prevention and treatment approaches, including culturally sensitive approaches, behavioral and psychological treatments, and pharmacological and neuromodulatory treatments. Part 4 additionally covers depression in primary care settings and the burgeoning literature on technology-facilitated and precision treatment approaches.

Written in clear and accessible language, the chapters are tailored to meet the needs of a broad spectrum within the mental health community. This includes researchers, practitioners, scholars, and students in psychology and related fields such as psychiatry and social work. Whether seeking to stay informed about cutting-edge research, enhance clinical practice, or further academic training, this invaluable resource offers knowledge to support individuals at all stages of their professional development.

Volume 1. Classification, Co-Occurring Conditions, and Etiological Processes

Contents

Editorial Board

About the Editors-in-Chief

About the Associate Editors

Contributors

A Note From the Publisher

Introduction

Part I. Classification, Epidemiology, and Commonly Co-Occurring Conditions

• Chapter 1. Historical Perspectives on Depression     
  Allan V. Horwitz, Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces, and Jerome C. Wakefield
• Chapter 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Depressive Disorders
  Daniel N. Klein
• Chapter 3. Depression Across the Life Course, Identities, and Cultures      
  Catherine K. Ettman, Sasha Rudenstine, and Sandro Galea
• Chapter 4. A Public Health Perspective of Depression: Impact, Challenges, and Promising Strategies 
  Victoria K. Ngo, Catherine Dinh-Le, and Marina Weiss
• Chapter 5. Anxiety Disorders and Co-Occurrence With Depression 
  Cecilia A. Essau, Hakan Sahin, and Trudy A. L. Au
• Chapter 6. Depression and Comorbid Substance Use           
  Sylia Wilson and Kayla M. Nelson
• Chapter 7. Depression and Co-Occurring Trauma-Related Disorders          
  Sara M. Witcraft, Lauren M. Henry, Shannon E. Cusack, and Daniel F. Gros
• Chapter 8. Depression and Co-Occurring Eating Disorders 
  Jennifer E. Wildes, Angeline R. Bottera, and Elizabeth N. Dougherty
• Chapter 9. Co-Occurring ADHD, Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and Depression 
  Andrea Chronis-Tuscano, Lauren E. Oddo, Karen T. G. Schwartz, and Michael C. Meinzer
• Chapter 10. Depression and Other Medical Conditions        
  Jerry Suls and Elizabeth A. Vrany
• Chapter 11. Suicide and Depression: Epidemiology, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment 
  Richard T. Liu, Marin M. Kautz, Rachel F. L. Walsh, Olivia H. Pollak, Matthew G. Clayton, and Auburn R. Stephenson
• Chapter 12. Depression and Co-Occurring Nonsuicidal Self-Injury          
  Evan M. Kleiman, John (Kai) Kellerman, Annabelle M. Mournet, and Ellen Wittler
• Chapter 13. Bereavement-Related Depression and Prolonged Grief Disorder         
  Evgenia Milman and Robert A. Neimeyer

Part II. Genetic and Biological Processes

• Chapter 14. Behavioral Genetics of Depression: Leveraging Family-Based Studies to Understand the Etiology of Depression 
  Sara A. Norton, Erin Bondy, and Ryan Bogdan
• Chapter 15. Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics in Depression       
  Darina Czamara and Elisabeth B. Binder
• Chapter 16. Animal Models for Depression Research          
  Scott J. Russo and Peter H. Rudebeck
• Chapter 17. Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in Depression   
  Gustavo C. Medeiros, Todd D. Gould, Isabella Demo, Fernando S. Goes, and Carlos A. Zarate Jr.
• Chapter 18. Psychophysiology and Depression         
  Anna Weinberg, Aislinn Sandre, Lidia Panier, Clara Freeman, Simon Morand-Beaulieu, and Corinne Sejourne
• Chapter 19. The Neurobiological and Molecular Underpinnings of Depressive Phenotypes           
  Eric M. Parise and Eric J. Nestler
• Chapter 20. Psychoneuroimmunology of Depression
  George M. Slavich, Valeria Mondelli, and Daniel P. Moriarity
• Chapter 21. Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Depression     
  Melynda Casement and Xi Yang

Part III. Psychological Processes

• Chapter 22. Temperament, Personality, and Depression       
  Yuliya Kotelnikova, Kasey J. Stanton, and Elizabeth P. Hayden
• Chapter 23. Attachment Representations and Depression     
  Elaine Scharfe
• Chapter 24. Stress and Diathesis–Stress Models in Depression        
  Kate L. Harkness and Jeremy G. Stewart
• Chapter 25. Self-Regulation, Emotion Regulation, and Depression: An Integrative Review and a Developmental Perspective
  Carolina Daffre, Ann B. Brewster, and Timothy J. Strauman
• Chapter 26. Reward Processing in Depression
  Argyris Stringaris and Vasileia Kotoula
• Chapter 27. Behavior and Learning in Depression    
  Vanessa Brown
• Chapter 28. Attention and Interpretation in Depression        
  Rebecca B. Price and Mary L. Woody
• Chapter 29. Executive and Cognitive Control in Depression
  Jutta Joormann and Ashleigh V. Rutherford
• Chapter 30. Memory in Depression
  Eni S. Becker and Janna N. Vrijsen

Part IV. Social and Cultural Processes

• Chapter 31. Transmission of Depression Risk Across Two and Three Generations
  Sherryl H. Goodman
• Chapter 32. Romantic Relationships and Depression
  Tamara Luginbuehl, Daphne Y. Liu, John V. Miller, and Joanne Davila
• Chapter 33. Peer Relationships and Depression        
  Matteo Giletta and Karen D. Rudolph
• Chapter 34. Depression and the Roles of Neighborhood and Community   
  Sharon F. Lambert and Andrew A. Gepty
• Chapter 35. Depression in the Context of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture       
  Oswaldo Moreno, Tamara Nelson, Nestor Noyola, and Camila Tirado
• Chapter 36. Stigma and Depression   
  Lindsay Sheehan, Madeline Oppenheim, and Patrick Corrigan
• Chapter 37. Technology and Depression       
  Jessica L. Hamilton, Saskia L. Jorgensen, Simone Imani Boyd, and Melissa J. Dreier

Index

Volume 2. Minoritized Populations, Lifespan Development, Assessment, and Treatment

Contents 

Editorial Board

Contributors

Part I. Depression in Minoritized Populations

• Chapter 1. Depression in Asian American Individuals   
  Wei-Chin Hwang
• Chapter 2. Depression Among Black and African American Individuals    
  Alvin Thomas, Adrian Gale, and Ed-Dee G. Williams
• Chapter 3. Depression in Latinx Individuals
  Esteban V. Cardemil and Nicolás Alvarez-Frank
• Chapter 4. Depression and Indigenous Peoples in the United States and Canada: Prevalence, Risk/Protective Factors, Interventions
  Dennis C. Wendt, Mathilde Garneau, Hannah Fraser-Purdy, Nicole Augustine, Caitlin Gilpin, Sherry H. Stewart, Christopher J. Mushquash, and Jacob A. Burack 
• Chapter 5. Depression in Sexual and Gender Minority People         
  Kirsty A. Clark, John E. Pachankis, and Steven A. Safren
• Chapter 6. Considerations for Assessment and Treatment of Depression in the Disability Community     
  Lauren R. Khazem, Emily M. Lund, and Kara B. Ayers
• Chapter 7. Depression and Gender    
  Janet Shibley Hyde and Rachel H. Salk
• Chapter 8. Addressing Depression Disparities: The Potential of Intersectionality Theory and Praxis         
  NiCole T. Buchanan and Lauren O. Wiklund

Part II. Depression Across the Lifespan

• Chapter 9. Depression in Early Childhood   
  Lea R. Dougherty, Leah K. Sorcher, Grace Messina, and Mina Hughes
• Chapter 10. Depression in Childhood
  Brandon E. Gibb, Elana S. Israel, and Pooja Shankar
• Chapter 11. Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescence      
  Randy P. Auerbach, David Pagliaccio, Paul A. Bloom, Rachel Cherner, Carter J. Funkhouser, and Jaclyn S. Kirshenbaum
• Chapter 12. Depression in Later Life
  Ann M. Steffen and Kelly Bergstrom
• Chapter 13. Depression in the Peripartum Period     
  Huynh-Nhu Le, Deepika Goyal, and Kantoniony M. Rabemananjara

Part III. Assessment

• Chapter 14. Ethics of Research and Practice With Depression         
  Matthew V. Rudorfer, Andrew W. Jones, and Galia D. Siegel
• Chapter 15. Self-Reported Assessments of Depression        
  Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces, Allison Peipert, and Robinson de Jesús-Romero
• Chapter 16. Interviews and Clinician-Rated Measures of Depression          
  R. Michael Bagby, Aqsa Zahid, and Sharlane C. L. Lau
• Chapter 17. Behavioral and Ecological Momentary Assessment in Depression    
  Nicole R. Nugent, Charlene Collibee, Shaquanna Brown, and Michael F. Armey
• Chapter 18. Using Passively Collected Digital Phenotypes to Assess and Predict Depression        
  Nicholas C. Jacobson, Jenny Y. Oh, Stephen M. Adjei, and Julia Shen
• Chapter 19. Neuroimaging of Depression     
  Conor Liston, Immanuel Elbau, and Benjamin Zebley
• Chapter 20. Liquid Biomarkers of Depression          
  Flurin Cathomas, Sara Costi, Orna Issler, Kenny L. Chan, Chris Kelly, Scott J. Russo, and James W. Murrough

Part IV. Prevention and Treatment

• Chapter 21. Cultural Formulation and Culturally Adapted Treatments for Depression       
  Monnica T. Williams, Tahlia Harrison, and Joseph T. La Torre
• Chapter 22. Prevention of Depression Across the Lifespan  
  Judy Garber, V. Robin Weersing, and Pauline Goger
• Chapter 23. Behavioral Treatments for Depression  
  Jamie C. Kennedy, Sarah Baldwin, and W. Edward Craighead
• Chapter 24. Cognitive Therapy for Depression: What We Got Right and What We Got Wrong    
  Steven D. Hollon and Iony D. Ezawa
• Chapter 25. Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression in Youth    
  Laura Mufson, Jami F. Young, Laura J. Dietz, and Karen T. G. Schwartz
• Chapter 26. Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Depression
  Amanda L. Shamblaw and Zindel Segal
• Chapter 27. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Depression 
  Carter H. Davis, Emily M. Bowers, Michael E. Levin, and Michael P. Twohig
• Chapter 28. Cognitive Bias Modification for Depression     
  Christopher G. Beevers, Mary E. McNamara, Mackenzie Zisser, and Rachel L. Weisenburger
• Chapter 29. Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Depression: Theory, Clinical Model, Research, and Future Directions       
  Guy Diamond, Suzanne Levy, and Ashley King
• Chapter 30. Psychodynamic Treatments of Depression        
  Patrick Luyten and Peter Fonagy
• Chapter 31. Pharmacotherapy for Depression           
  Emine Rabia Ayvaci, Manish K. Jha, Taryn L. Mayes, and Madhukar H. Trivedi
• Chapter 32. Neuromodulation for Unipolar Depression        
  Donel M. Martin, Adriano H. Moffa, and Stevan Nikolin
• Chapter 33. Complementary Health Approaches to Depression       
  Jenn A. Leiferman, James F. Paulson, Chelsea Walker-Mao, and Jessica Walls Wilson
• Chapter 34. Technology-Facilitated Prevention and Treatment of Depression         
  Mei Yi Ng, Jenny Guo, Jennifer Frederick, and Lindsey Cunningham
• Chapter 35. The Unified Protocol: A Transdiagnostic Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression
  Todd J. Farchione, Daniella Spencer-Laitt, Laura J. Long, and Lauren S. Woodard
• Chapter 36. Introduction to Augmented Intervention Approaches in the Treatment of Depression 
  Beth D. Kennard, Rebecca Wildman, Kristin Wolfe, and Jessica Heerschap
• Chapter 37. Intervention for Depression in Primary Care
  Anne I. Roche, Olivia E. Bogucki, Nathaniel Lombardi, Jocelyn Lebow, and Craig N. Sawchuk
• Chapter 38. Precision Mental Health Care for Depression    
  Jaime Delgadillo and Wolfgang Lutz

Index

 

Jeremy W. Pettit, PhD, is a professor of psychology and psychiatry at Florida International University, where he is executive director of the Center for Children and Families. His research aims to advance understanding of the etiology and maintenance of depression, anxiety, and suicidal behaviors, and facilitate more effective treatments. That research has produced more than 175 journal articles chapters, and Dr. Pettit has authored award-winning books on depression. His efforts in preventing suicidal behaviors in young people were recognized by the American Association of Suicidology. He has served as executive editor of Behavioral Medicine and associate editor of International Journal of Cognitive Therapy and Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology.

Thomas M. Olino, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and professor of psychology and neuroscience at Temple University. He is an associate editor for the journal Training and Education in Professional Psychology and served as an associate editor for Assessment and academic editor for PlosOne. Dr. Olino has authored more than 200 peer-reviewed articles, and his research has been supported by the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and National Institute of Mental Health. The focus of his work is on developmental psychopathology, relying on high-risk offspring designs to better understand developmental trajectories of risk, reflected by temperamental, emotional, and neurobiological processes.

Rhonda C. Boyd, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. Additionally, she is a researcher at CHOP PolicyLab and practices as a licensed psychologist. She has served as a principal investigator and coinvestigator on multiple federal grants and as consulting editor of the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, among other positions. Visit Dr. Boyd’s faculty page.

Brian C. Chu, PhD, is professor and past department chair of the Department of Clinical Psychology in the Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology at Rutgers University, and founder/director of the Youth Anxiety and Depression Clinic. Dr. Chu’s work focuses on anxiety and mood problems in children and adolescents. He has received grant funding to develop and evaluate behavioral interventions, understand the impact of internalizing problems on families, and extend services to underserved communities. He is an author an editor and a fellow of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.

Elizabeth P. Hayden, PhD, is a professor of psychology and principal investigator of the Brain and Mind Institute at the University of Western Ontario, where she heads the Lifespan study of Emotion And Personality (LEAP) Lab.  Dr. Hayden’s research takes a developmental psychopathology approach to understanding the biological and contextual pathways to mood dysregulation. She has authored over a hundred peer-reviewed articles and coauthored the Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health (Oxford University Press), and she serves as an associate editor for the journal Psychological Assessment.

Diego A. Pizzagalli, PhD, serves as founding director of the Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research; the director of the McLean Imaging Center; and the director of research for the Division of Depression and Anxiety at McLean Hospital. He is a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, and the center director for Silvio O. Conte Center for Basic Translational Mental Health Research. In 2024, he will become the founding director of the Noel Drury, MD Institute for Translational Depression Discoveries at the University of California, Irvine, and a visiting professor at Oxford University. His research aims improve understanding of the psychological, environmental, and neurobiological factors associated with mood disorders, particularly major depression. Dr. Pizzagalli has published over 360 papers and chapters and serves on the editorial boards of 13 journals.